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Aircraft
Published in Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić, Introduction to the Air Transport System, 2022
Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić
The payload (P/L) is the mass of passengers and their baggage, cargo, and mail. Trip fuel consists of fuel for take-off, climbing, cruising, descent, and landing. Taxi fuel must be added to the trip fuel. A fuel reserve must be added for each flight, in addition to trip and taxi fuel. The amount of reserve fuel is not a function of the distance the plane needs to fly. According to regulations, for safety reasons, the aircraft must always load a certain amount of reserve fuel. The reserve fuel can be used in different situations, such as the flight in holding due to congestion at the destination airport, for the flight to the alternate airport, because of very bad weather or other disruption at the destination airport, pressurization failure, and/or engine failure during the flight. It is also possible that there will be higher fuel consumption due to navigation error or a change to the planned route, due to bad weather. Flight planning should take the following conditions into account for every flight: realistic airplane fuel consumption data, anticipated mass, expected weather conditions and air traffic services, and procedures and restrictions (Airbus 2002).
Evaluating and designing procedures in safety critical environments: a framework and taxonomy based on a critical review and synthesis
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2019
Deepti Surabattula, Steven J. Landry, Barrett S. Caldwell
Operator experience also interacts with other aspects of task performance as well as direct procedure following. Low experience pilots face multiple challenges, including task-management, managing high workload, distractions, task prioritising, basic procedures, completing checklists, following procedures, performing instrument cross-checks, cross wind take-offs and landings, understanding air traffic control radio communications, vigilance, awareness of the weather conditions, dealing with malfunctions, building mental models, developing critical skills like in-flight planning, and decision-making (Endsley and Garland 2000). De Carvalho (2006) identified that procedure designers may not take into consideration, among other factors, the level of experience and knowledge of the operator.