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Understanding the Interaction of Nanoparticles at the Cellular Interface
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
The Golgi apparatus is a vital organelle as it plays a crucial role in protein processing. The organelle functions as an integral unit in a cell because of its shape. Any anomaly in the condition of the Golgi apparatus is known to cause abnormalities in the cell. Once inside the cell, NPs interact with various cell organelles, one of which is the Golgi apparatus. Ma et al. have conducted a study to identify the effects of gold NPs on the Golgi apparatus [54]. Interestingly, gold NPs (50 nm) in normal rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK Line) have disrupted the calcium level inside the cell leading to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The calcium ion concentration in cell organelles plays a crucial role in maintaining organelle function and structure. Similarly, the Golgi apparatus’s configuration changed from the familiar ribbon-like design into mini stacks, which were not linked or aligned. To study the Golgi apparatus’s functioning, mannosidase II and Galactosyltransferase were selected, and cells treated with gold NPs showed a significant decrease in their production. Cluster analysis of genes expressed in control and section treated with gold NPs showed substantial expression patterns. There is a change in the regulation of integrin-mediated cellular adhesion, which plays a crucial role in cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.
The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The Golgi apparatus is an assemblage of flattened, stacked plasma membranes. This structure is the ‘finishing shop’ and ‘transport centre’ for molecules produced in the cell. The Golgi apparatus receives the molecules produced by the endoplasmic reticulum, makes adjustments to the chemical structure and then transports the finished items in vesicles. Some of the products are for use within the cell and its membranes, whereas others are exported. Most of the chemicals produced are transported in vesicles composed of pinched-off plasma membrane. Export from the cell is achieved by exocytosis.
ExperimentaL Oral Medicine
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
Leake et al.78 detailed the ultrastructural changes in the rat parotid gland after ligation of Stensen’s duct. The duct was ligated unilaterally in 18 mature Sprague-Dawley rats, and the parotid gland was examined by electron microscopy at intervals up to 90 days. The course ran from swelling and engorgement lasting 4 to 6 days to progressive atrophy. At 3 months, the number of identifiable acini was greatly decreased. Nuclei in the few remaining acinar cells were prominent because of the lack of secretory granules in the cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum was severely disorganized and sometimes absent. Golgi apparatus was markedly decreased. Microvilli were truncated with blunt ends. Cell borders remained distinct with well-demarcated desmosomes. There was an increase in collagen and infiltration of some inflammatory cells in the areas formerly occupied by the acini.
In vitro effects of combustion generated carbon dots on cellular parameters in healthy and cancerous breast cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Nikita Dinger, Valeria Panzetta, Carmela Russo, Paolo Antonio Netti, Mariano Sirignano
Similar to our studies, lysosomes entrapments of various CDs have been observed (Guo et al. 2020; H. Liu et al. 2021; Q. Liu et al. 2020; Tong et al. 2020). CDs tend to accumulate in subcellular organelles with lysosomes being one possible site and because of this they have been widely used as fluorescent probes for imaging intracellular organelles (Gao et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2020; Y. Zhang et al. 2015). Similarly, CdSe/ZnS quantum dot exposures have shown to affect other subcellular functions like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus(Y.-Y. Liu et al. 2021). The ER is responsible for protein synthesis, folding, modification, transport, and degradation while the Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and packaging of secreted materials. Carbon nanodots have also been repurposed for such targeted signaling to be used in nanomedicine thereby allowing it to affect cell signaling to a great extent. In particular, this effect has been seen in cancer cells for varying concentrations of CDs (Y. Liu et al. 2021; Figures 6 and 7).
Assessment of combining biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Bacillus thuringiensis and gamma irradiation for controlling Pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Ahlam Gabarty, Afaf Abas, Hedaya M. Salem, Sawsan M. El-Sonbaty, Doaa S. Farghaly, Heba A. Awad
TEM micrograph showed that the midgut epithelium of the normal 4th instar larvae consists of basal lamina (Bl), regenerative cell (Rc), mature cells (Mc) and borders facing the lumen that contain abundant microvilli (Mv) and numerous folds, which increase the surface area for absorption and secretion (Figure 7(A)). The midgut epithelium of the normal larvae consists of a single layer of cells. Its boundary toward the hemocoel makes up the basal lamina which in turn is surrounded by muscles and tracheal cells. The epithelial cells are dissimilar in appearance and contain the stem cells (Sc) (Figure 7(B)). The nucleus is centered in the cell, the nuclei assume a somewhat more basal location and are slightly ovoid and the endoplasmic reticulum is more obvious, especially in the vicinity of the nucleus. Also, there is a large number of golgi apparatus and numerous mitochondria are observed in the cells’ cytoplasm. An obvious junction between the cells, known as macula adherence is observed. Moreover, symbiotic bacteria in the cytoplasm were distinguished in the electron micrograph. These bacteria are grouped and localized in the lateral side of the cells (Figure 7(B,C)). The mature cell consists of two main types present in the midgut of all insects, i.e., columnar and endocrine cells (Figure 7(D)).
COL1A1, CCDC170, and ESR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with distal radius fracture in postmenopausal Mexican women
Published in Climacteric, 2020
E. Farias-Cisneros, A. Hidalgo-Bravo, A. Miranda-Duarte, L. Casas-Ávila, T. D. Rozental, R. Velázquez-Cruz, M. Valdés-Flores
Type 1 collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals and is the main structural component of bone, teeth, and tendon21. The molecular structure of the protein comprises two alpha chains, encoded by the COL1A1 gene, and one beta chain, encoded by the COL1A2 gene8. The product of the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Estrogens and estrogen receptors have an important role in bone homeostasis22. A population-based study found the rs4870044 SNP located at the CCDC170/C6ORF97/ESR1 locus (6q25.1) to be associated with forearm and total hip BMD23. The function of the product of the coiled-coil domain containing 170 gene (CCDC170) is not yet fully understood. Experimental evidence suggests that it participates in organization of the Golgi apparatus24,25. Several genome-wide association studies have implicated the region around this gene to be involved in breast cancer and BMD, including one study in Mexican mestizo women26,27.