Sponge Enzyme's Role in Biomineralization and Human Applications
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
The majority of biomineralization occurs in soft tissues, near to cells, allowing cells and minerals to interact and utilize one another. Temperature, pH, and organics are the three main parameters that control the biomineralization process, and specifically in sponges, it is brought about by silicatein and CA enzymes. Biomineralization provides excellent support for synthesizing various nanomaterials to protect drugs/cells/viruses from physiological clearance during transportation to the target tumor/cancer, and improves the nanomaterial’s thermal, magnetic, and optical properties for better real-time imaging diagnosis and treatment of diseases. A recent paradigm shift demonstrating that not only organic but also inorganic polymers are generated enzymatically in at least some biological systems opens up new avenues for biotechnology in general and new human medicinal interventions in particular. We believe that biosilica and biocalcite will play a significant role in future regenerative medicine.
Nanotechnology and Delivery System for Bioactive Antibiofilm Dental Materials
Mary Anne S. Melo in Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Although employed widely in the remineralization of carious dentin, such an ion-based strategy cannot be effective in locations where the crystallites are totally destroyed (Frencken et al. 2012). Another promising class of mineralization materials is the biomineralization agents. Inspired from the function of noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) in the biomineralization process of natural teeth, using biomimetic templates to remineralize the demineralized dentin is of great interest in the recent years as NCPs, the natural nucleation templates, lose their abilities to induce in situ remineralization in the mature dentin (Chen, Liang et al. 2013). Poly(amino amine) (PAMAM)-type dendrimer is widely studied in dental biomineralization. It is a class of monodispersed polymeric nanomaterials with plenty of branches radiating from one central core and highly ordered architecture. It has been referred to as “artificial protein” due to its biomimetic properties and well-defined/easily tailored structure, such as its functional group, generation, and spatial structure. Previous studies have clearly demonstrated that PAMAM and its derivatives could induce biomineralization of demineralized dentin (Chen, Liang et al. 2013, Wu et al. 2013). PAMAM combined with antibacterial agents also obtained double effects of mineralization, and antibacterial and needlelike crystals can precipitate both on the dentin surface and in the dentinal tubules (Lei Cheng et al. 2016).
Molecular Biology of the Amelogenin Gene
Colin Robinson, Jennifer Kirkham, Roger Shore in Dental Enamel, 2017
When living cells or tissues control the deposition of mineral, either intracellularly or extracellularly, the process is termed biomineralization. Living cells maintain control over this complex process by precisely regulating the transcription of specific genes that encode proteins that contribute to the biomineralization process. These genes may encode (a) structural proteins required for the assembly or disassembly of a protein matrix during mineral deposition and (b) proteins that are responsible for the sequestration and/or transport of ions that contribute to the mineral phase. While biomineralization occurs in many diverse phyla and tissues, this review focuses attention on a unique mammalian tissue, enamel.
The purification and functional study of new compounds produced by Escherichia coli that influence the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Julian Mitchell, Sarah Thresh, Vitaly Zinkevich
SRB are taxonomically unrelated group of microorganisms that acquire energy for their growth by oxidizing organic substrates and hydrogen. They utilize sulfur compounds, as final electron acceptor during anaerobic growth [1–6]. SRB encompass 60 genera of bacteria, accounting for 220 species [7]. These include proteobacteria, e.g. Desulfovibrio, firmicutes, e.g. Desulfotomaculum [3,4], archaebacteria, e.g. Archaeoglobus [8,9] and thermodesulfobacteria, e.g. Thermodesulfobacter [8]. SRB are chemolithotrophic and physiologically distinctive group of anaerobic bacteria. The SRB are widely distributed [9], phylogenetically diverse [10] and thrive well in a wide range of environmental conditions [11]. They grow well in anaerobic niches where sulfate reduction is the principal biomineralisation pathway [12].
Application of Platelet Rich Fibrin in Tissue Engineering: Focus on Bone Regeneration
Published in Platelets, 2021
Ahmad Reza Farmani, Mohammad Hossein Nekoofar, Somayeh Ebrahimi Barough, Mahmoud Azami, Nima Rezaei, Sohrab Najafipour, Jafar Ai
The trend of research on the application of PRF in bone tissue engineering is in vivo and clinical studies, but some in vitro studies have been performed. Biomineralization of PRF by incorporating alkaline phosphatase enzyme in PRF structure and the incubation of it in the calcium glycerophosphate have been established by Douglas et al. [37]. In a similar study, the size of mineral particles was reduced by modifying the solution containing magnesium and calcium ions [38]. The strategy used by the two previous groups can be a good choice for improving the biomineralization of scaffolds in the body. Also, they can be described in the context of the “inverse tissue engineering” concept. Because in the common bone tissue engineering, it attempts to induce bone matrix by differentiating stem cells into osteoblast-like cells and with the secretion of ALP to promote biomineralization. While in these studies, the ALP enzyme is incorporated in a scaffold structure without being secreted by the cells. It can induce the formation of mineral bone matrix, and ultimately causes differentiation of existed surrounding stem cells already located in the scaffold into the bone cells.
Azelastine a potent antihistamine agent, as hypolipidemic and modulator for aortic calcification in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats model
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Mohamed M. Elseweidy, Gehad M. Elnagar, Marwa M. Elsawy, Nabila Zein
Many evidences have associated the atheroprotective role of HDL-c with its ability to prevent the deposition and oxidation of lipids and lipoproteins in the artery wall as mediated by reverse cholesterol transport (Lewis 2006). The anti-inflammatory activity of HDL-c remarkedly inhibited the expression of several adhesion molecules (Cockerill et al.1995), activated NO synthase and, in turn, increased protective NO production (Yuhanna et al.2001). All of these markers participate in the prevention of calcification of vascular cells and related complications (Allison and Wright 2004). HDL-c also significantly suppressed ALP activity in calcifying vascular cells, inhibiting calcification induced by inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6 and, finally, osteogenic differentiation. Indeed, HDL-c exerts marked regulation during the early and late events of biomineralization (Parhami et al.2002).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Calcium
- Calcium Carbonate
- Calcium Phosphate
- Exoskeleton
- Ferritin
- Phosphate
- Skeleton
- Mineralized Tissues
- Magnetotactic Bacteria