Attributes of Peripheral Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Bone is a rigid structure that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton. Bones fulfill multiple functions, including support of the body to enable motility, protection for various organs, production of red and white blood cells (in the bone marrow), and storage of minerals. Bone is composed of three primary cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that generate a protein mixture known as osteoid, composed of type I collagen, which upon mineralization becomes bone. They also manufacture hormones such as prostaglandins and robustly produce alkaline phosphatase, which is involved in bone mineralization and the formation of matrix proteins. Osteocytes are mature bone cells, which originate from the osteoblasts and migrate into the bone matrix in spaces called lacunae. Osteocytes have many processes that contact osteoblasts and other osteocytes, forming a communication network. Their functions include the formation of bone, the maintenance of matrix, and calcium homeostasis. Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They are large, multinucleated cells located on bone surfaces in resorption pits. Because osteoclasts are derived from a monocyte stem-cell lineage, they are equipped with phagocytic-like mechanisms similar to circulating macrophages.
The Musculoskeletal System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Muscles are the contracting tissues that provide the force needed for both locomotion and stability. Likewise, the skeletal bones form the structural component. From these two basic components comes the name of the system—musculoskeletal. The working relationship between muscles and bones involves several other components. Muscles are attached to the bones by tendons, and bones are bound together by tough bands of tissue known as ligaments. Cartilage is the flexible tissue that forms the connecting structures of the skeleton, acting as a shock absorber. To provide both fine and coarse movements, bones come together at joints called articulations; within these joints is a cavity containing synovial fluid to provide the lubrication necessary between the bones. The bursae (singular: bursa) are sacs or sac-like cavities found in areas subject to friction, as over an exposed part or where a tendon passes over a bone (Figure 7.1).
Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas in Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
The human skeleton consists of separate and fused bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. Bones gets arterial blood supply, venous drainage, and nerves. There is a tough fibrous layer with which particular surfaces of bones are covered. The human skeleton is changing always, it changes composition throughout lifespan. In the early stages, a fetus does not have any hard skeleton; bones are formed gradually during nine months in the womb. By birth, all bones are formed but a newborn baby has more bones than an adult. An adult human has 206 bones. A baby is born with around 300 bones. The bones do not have pockets or space left to grow further. The strength of the bones are not the same in all direction, it shows an isotropicity. Bones are not strong and stiff if stressed from side to side.
Molecular analysis of the destruction of articular joint tissues by Raman spectroscopy
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Paula Casal-Beiroa, Pío González, Francisco J. Blanco, Joana Magalhães
Bones constitute the basic anatomical structure in the human body around which other musculoskeletal tissues are arranged. Bone is formed by organic and inorganic components, varying in proportion depending on the type of bone, age, diet, and disease processes [63–65]. In contrast to cartilage, the most abundant collagen is from type-I (Col-I) and bone mineral is constituted of a carbonated form of a nanoscrystalline nonstoichiometric apatite [66,67]. RS has been extensively applied for bone properties assessment and characterization, summarized elsewhere [68,69]. The most characteristic assigned bands for bone by RS are thus, those related to the mineral components, specifically hydroxyapatite phosphate (v1 PO43-, v2 PO43- and v3 PO43-) and B-type carbonate (v1 CO32-) (Table 2). Nonetheless, even though bone mineral apatite consists mainly of B-type carbonate, it has been reported the presence of A-type carbonate (1114 cm−1) in older bones [69]. Additionally, nonspecific signals related to the organic fraction of the tissue (amide III doublet and amide I), can be found [27,70]. Other parameters have also been covered, such as mineral to matrix ratio, mineral maturity/crystallinity, relative carbonate content, or relative tissue water content/porosity [71].
An improved surface for enhanced stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation using electrospun composite PLLA/P123 scaffold
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Gebremariam Birhanu, Hamid Akbari Javar, Ehsan Seyedjafari, Ali Zandi-Karimi, Mehdi Dusti Telgerd
Bone plays many vital roles in our physiology, some of them are: maintaining shape, facilitating movement, produces blood, mineral storage and homeostasis, regulates blood pH, mechanical support and protection of other vital soft tissues/organs [1]. Its importance will be clearly visible in case of diseases where bone does not function properly such as: osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis and osteoporosis. These diseases together with traumatic injury, orthopaedic surgeries and primary tumour resection induce bone defects that demands bone repair or replacement [2]. All these make bone defect one of the most common problems in orthopaedics [3] with huge clinical and economic impacts [2]. Nowadays, the number of patients suffering from such bone defects is rapidly increasing, with a huge need for bone substitutes (grafts) [4].
Anatomical study of presigmoid-retrolabyrinthine approach based on temporal bone high-resolution CT
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Xinping Hao, Yongxin Li, Danmo Cui, Biao Chen, Yunfu Liu, Bentao Yang
In 104 patients (208 lateral temporal bones), 11 lateral temporal bones were excluded because of the high level of the jugular globules up to the inner auditory canal. Of the 11 temporal bones, 1 was left side and 10 were right side. Six were anterolateral to the sigmoid sinus and 5 were posteromedial. The actual statistical results included 197 sides of temporal bones. The A value ranged from 9.8 to 37.9 mm with an average of 29.2 mm. The B value ranged from 8.1 to 13.6 mm with an average of 10.3 mm. The C value ranged from 4.2–13.4 mm with an average of 8.3 mm. The D value ranged from 0.9–9.0 mm with an average of 3.8 mm. The E value ranged from 1.5 to 10.7 mm and the average value was 5.8 mm. The volume range was 160.6–1745.6 mm3 and the average value is 799.3 mm3. The average distance from the vestibular aqueduct to the middle cranial fossa was 10.25 mm, and the average distance between the apex of the posterior semicircular canal and the posterior wall of the inner auditory canal was 10.3 mm. The E value of more than 6 mm accounted for 46.7%, 8 mm or more accounted for 13.7%. The correlation between E and C values was 0.421. There was a significant correlation between E and V values, with a correlation coefficient of 0.692, as shown in Figure 3.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biomineralization
- Osteocyte
- Skeleton
- White Blood Cell
- Connective Tissue
- Osteoblast
- Red Blood Cell
- Hard Tissue
- Honeycomb
- Matrix