Laboratory evaluation of parathyroid gland function
Pallavi Iyer, Herbert Chen in Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders in Children, 2020
Phosphate is second to calcium in abundance; this anion is present in DNA and RNA nucleotides, essential for the generation of energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and a component of cell membranes, signal transduction pathways, and the bone mineral—hydroxyapatite. It is absorbed by the intestinal duodenum and jejunum, filtered through the renal glomerulus to be reabsorbed by the proximal renal tubule or excreted in urine, and deposited into bone linked to calcium as hydroxyapatite from which site it may be reabsorbed by PTH and calcitriol. Under usual circumstances, the serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate are reciprocally related, and the calcium × phosphate product approximates 30. Serum concentrations of phosphate decrease with age: between 0 and 5 days serum phosphate levels range between 4.8 and 8.2 mg/dL; 1–3 years: 3.8–6.5 mg/dL; 4–11 years: 3.7–5.6 mg/dL; 12–15 years: 2.9–5.4 mg/dL; 16–19 years: 2.7–4.7 mg/dL; adult: 2.5–4.5 mg/dL.
Foreword
Richard L. Hilderbrand in The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
All phosphorus accessible to living organisms occurs in phosphate minerals as orthophosphates. The phosphorus atom occurs at the + 5 level of oxidation with four oxygen atoms bonded to the phosphorus in a tetrahedral structure. The organophosphates which occur naturally in a living system are usually oxygen esters, diesters, or anhydrides of phosphoric acid. There are rather infrequent exceptions to this bonding of phosphates in living systems. One exception is the natural occurrence of the carbon to phosphorus (C–P) bond in the phosphonate class of organophosphates. Although phosphate had long been recognized as crucial to life processes, it was not until 1947 that Chavane,2 a chemist involved in synthesizing phosphonates, observed that, since the C–P bond was stable, there was a possibility for the occurrence of phosphonates in nature. The actual identification of a naturally occurring phosphonate finally came in 1959 by Horiguchi and Kandatsu,3 who identified 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) in an amino acid extract from an hydrolysate of rumen protozoal lipid. Phosphonates have subsequently been shown to occur naturally in a variety of organisms and several metabolic processes involving phosphonates have been elucidated.
Osteomalacia
Charles Theisler in Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Common causes of osteomalacia are: Vitamin D deficiency (e.g., from lack of sunshine plus inadequate intake). Also, if the body cannot absorb fats properly, they are passed directly out of the body in the stool (steatorrhea). As a result, vitamin D, which is a fat-soluble vitamin, and calcium are poorly absorbed.The kidneys do not function properly (tubular acidosis), causing metabolic acidosis. The increased acid helps to dissolve the skeleton.Digestive organs do not adequately function for proper absorption of calcium.2Chronic liver disease that interferes with vitamin D metabolism.Deficient intake of calcium or lack of phosphate.3
Extraction and derivatisation of active polysaccharides
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Yang Liu, Gangliang Huang
Phosphates. Phosphates for polysaccharide phosphorylation include Na5P3O10, Na3 (PO3) 3, Na2HPO4, and NaH2PO4. Zhao et al.26 studied the phosphate esterification of Tussilago fargesii by mixed phosphate method, and studied its physicochemical properties. The experimental conditions were optimised by single-factor experiments. The results showed that the mass ratio of mixed phosphate to polysaccharide was 1.5:1, the mass ratio of Na2HPO4 to NaH2PO4 was 2:1, the reaction time was 6 h, and the reaction temperature was 86 °C. Under these experimental conditions, the phosphorylated polysaccharide of Fagopyrum fargesii with an average degree of substitution of 0.697 can be obtained.
Toxic uranium contamination in groundwater of Thoothukudi district, India: Evaluation of health risks using the geochemical and statistical approach
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Velayutham Raja, Mallanpillai Ananthakrishnan Neelakantan
Factor 3 has positive values (>0.5) for the parameters F−, SO42−, HCO3− and U in the collected samples in both seasons, representing the groundwater’s geogenic impact. Factor 4 has positive values (>0.5) for the parameters NO3− and PO43− during pre-monsoon and NO3−, PO43−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in post-monsoon. It represents the anthropogenic activities such as phosphate fertilizers used in the agriculture activities in the study area. During the post-monsoon the increase in the concentrations of Ca2+ (mean − 196 ppm) and Mg2+ (mean − 96 ppm) than the pre-monsoon (mean Ca2+ − 145 ppm, mean Mg2+ - 86 ppm) is observed. It may be due to the influence of the anthropogenic impact of NO3− and PO43−. The factor analysis confirms that Ca2+ and Mg2+ have positive values along with NO3− and PO43−.
Advances in pharmacotherapy for diabetic foot osteomyelitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Raju Ahluwalia, Jose Luiz Lázaro-Martínez, Ines Reichert, Nicola Maffulli
The principal types of biodegradable ceramics available for antibiotic delivery are based on either calcium sulfate or calcium phosphate (Tables 4 and 5). Within the calcium phosphate group, two main types exist: tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. Calcium sulfate has also been used as a bone graft material since 1892 [90], having a compressive strength equivalent to that of cancellous bone [91]. However, it is brittle and quickly loses its strength as it is hydrolyzed on its own and needs to be combined with another ceramic. Its use in DFO showed that 20 of 323 patients required further debridement before wound healing occurred [92], and another 20 patients required an amputation, 6 being below knee. Jogia et al. reported no recurrence or amputation following debridement of forefoot ulcers in 20 patients at 12-month follow-up with routine use of calcium sulfate impregnated with antibiotics [93]. Krause et al. found that 13 of 49 feet treated by trans-metatarsal amputation with calcium sulfate and tobramycin experienced a reduction in below knee amputation rates at an average follow-up of 28 months (8–52 months) [94].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemistry
- Ester
- Functional Group
- Phosphoric Acid
- Trisodium Phosphate
- Ion
- Salt
- Phosphoric Acids & Phosphates
- Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate
- Dihydrogen Phosphate