Osteoporosis
Jason Liebowitz, Philip Seo, David Hellmann, Michael Zeide in Clinical Innovation in Rheumatology, 2023
Osteoporosis is a common disease characterized by loss of bone mass, disruption of normal bone architecture, increased skeletal fragility, reduced bone strength, and an increased risk of fracture. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a bone density that falls 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean for young healthy adults of the same sex and race—also referred to as a T-score of –2.5. The diagnosis can also be made in patients who have sustained a fragility fracture, even in the absence of osteoporosis by bone densitometry. The disease is most prevalent among postmenopausal women; however, it can affect women and men as a function of age and with underlying conditions that predispose to bone mass loss. Osteoporosis has no clinical manifestations until it results in a fracture, which most commonly affects the vertebral spine (two-thirds of which are asymptomatic). Other fractures can occur, most feared of which are hip fractures, which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
X-ray Vision: Diagnostic X-rays and CT Scans
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman in Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
The average person is inclined to think of bone as a dead, rocklike substance. In reality, the skeleton is a dynamic organ of the body, its composition in constant flux. The structural framework of the skeleton is built from a mesh of organic molecules, primarily the protein collagen, on which are deposited calcium- and phosphate-rich bone minerals. Bones naturally lose and deposit their bone minerals, changing their shapes in response to the environment, and altering their balance of different types of bone tissue even in adulthood. The bone mass of the body peaks at roughly age 35, and bone minerals are gradually lost thereafter at a rate that increases with age. As the bone mineral density decreases, a person eventually develops an increasing risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, this natural loss of bone minerals with age is accelerated.
The skeleton and muscles
Frank J. Dye in Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Without our skeleton and muscles, we would not be able to move about or maintain our posture. Moreover, our ability to hear also depends on three small bones—the incus, malleus, and stapes—in our middle ear and the muscles attached to these bones. Like other vertebrates, we have an endoskeleton (internal skeleton), which provides protection for our soft parts. We do not have an exoskeleton (shell) like some animals, but if you have ever banged your head against something hard, you can appreciate the skull's protection of your brain! Our skeleton is divided into two general parts (Figure 14.1): the axial skeleton is composed of the skull, vertebral column (backbone), sternum, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton is composed of limbs, pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle.
Is there a relationship between respiratory function and trunk control and functional mobility in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis?
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Melike Sumeyye Ozen, Ebru Calik-Kutukcu, Yeliz Salci, Ecem Karanfil, Asli Tuncer, Kadriye Armutlu
Studies investigating the factors related to functional mobility in MS patients have found a wide range of results. Savci et al. reported that 6MWT distance was related to the FVC and FEV1/FVC values, but not related to the MIP or MEP values in MS patients [26]. Westerdahl et al. found that the 6MWT distance in MS patients (EDSS 4–6.5) was not associated with PFT results or MIP values, only with MEP values [13]. Wetzel et al. found that the 6MWT distance in MS patients (EDSS 0–6.5) was associated with MIP and MEP values, but not with PFT results [32]. In our study, a correlation was found only between TUG and 2MWT values and MEP values, in line with the literature. Expiratory muscles are skeletal muscles, in contrast to inspiratory muscles. Therefore, we expected them to be associated with mobility. Contrary to the findings reported by Wetzel et al., we think that the lack of a relationship between mobility and inspiratory muscles is due to the lower EDSS score of our MS patients and the preservation of inspiratory muscle strength (approximately 83% of expected).
A rare case of cervical metastatis of glioblastoma after cranial tumor resection: case report and review of literature
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2021
Okan Turk, Nuriye Guzin Ozdemir, Ibrahim Burak Atci, Hakan Yilmaz, Feray Gunver, Veysel Antar, Adem Yilmaz
The most common metastatic sites were pleura, lungs, bone, lymph nodes and liver.1,4 Heart, adrenal glands, kidneys, diaphragm, mediastinum, pancreas, the thyroid gland, the peritoneum, orbita, muscles, neck, skull, scalp, cutaneous tissue, cervical nodes, bone marrow, sternum, spine, vertebra, trochanter minor, thigh were also reported.1–3,5,6,9,10,12,13,15–18,20,23,24 Lung was the most common metastatic site, followed by bone at which vertebrae was affected most frequently as seen in our patient.13 The rate of cervical lymph node metastasis was reported as 62%. Repeated craniotomies were accused by leading access to lymphatics by dural or scalp extension through the surgical defect.6 When skeleton is involved, vertebral bodies are the most common site.13
Effect of sleep-disturbed breathing on maxillofacial growth and development in school-aged children
Published in Orthodontic Waves, 2021
Ayano Murakami, Hitoshi Kawanabe, Hisashi Hosoya, Kazunori Fukui
After confirming that the participant did not have nasal blockage or nasal discharge at the first consultation, a nasal airflow test was conducted to assess nostril function. To measure nasal resistance, we used HI-801®︎ (CHEST, Tokyo, Japan), a nasal airflow measurement tool. Nasal airflow was measured using the standard anterior method (Figure 5). The airflow of both nostrils was measured, and nasal resistance for each nostril, for both expiration and inspiration, was determined [17]. The participant was asked to sit down and instructed to breathe through the nose with their mouth closed during the measurement. Measurements taken for both nostrils and resistance at the point of ⊿P = 100 Pa during nasal respiration at rest were taken as the measurement standard [18]. A comparative analysis of obtained data between the two skeletal system groups was performed.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Animal
- Body Fluid
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Endoskeleton
- Exoskeleton
- Soft Tissue
- Vertebral Column
- Hydrostatic Skeleton
- Ossicle