Hepatoprotective Marine Phytochemicals
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Chlorophyll is a blue/green color pigment belonging to the class tetrapyrroles, isolated from algae, plants, and cyanobacteria (Pereira et al. 2014). Studies have shown that chlorophyll exerted antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer and antimutagenic properties. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, and chlorophyll d are the major types of chlorophyll molecules spread across marine biosystems (Hosikian et al. 2010). Porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, pheophorbides, texaphyrins, porphycenes, and phthalocyanines are the major pigments derived from chlorophyll molecules from marine algae and cyanobacteria (Ormond and Freeman 2013). These derivatives also possess various biological activities, such as antibacterial (Alenezi et al. 2017), antioxidant (Lanfer-Marquez et al. 2005) anti-inflammatory (Jelić et al. 2012), antimutagenic (Ferruzzi and Blakeslee 2007), and more.
Plant Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chlorophylls are unique pigments with green color and are found in the chloroplasts of diverse plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (15). Chlorophyll is a chelate made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms along with a magnesium metal ion in the central position. The whole chemical structure of chlorophyll is a porphyrin (6, 15). The porphyrin of chlorophyll contains four pyrrole-like rings (tetrapyrrole ring) bonded to a magnesium ion via their four nitrogen atoms in a square planar arrangement. Porphyrin structures of chlorophyll molecules are similar to those of hemoglobin and myoglobin in humans and of vitamin B12. The main difference is the presence of an iron ion in the central position of hemoglobin and myoglobin structures, and of a cobalt ion in vitamin B12 (6, 15). The numbers of naturally occurring chlorophylls may not yet be fully known. However, five classes of chlorophylls are well-known, namely a, b, c, d, and f (15). Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main components of photosystems in all photosynthetic organisms (6–7, 15–16). In green plants, most chloroplasts have three times more chlorophyll a than b (7). The green chlorophyll pigments are the source of magnesium, an essential mineral of human cell activity after calcium. Indeed, the consumption of green vegetables containing chlorophylls is indispensable for our health maintenance and for the prevention of some chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases due to their antioxidant activity.
Impact of Sulphur Dioxide Deposition on Medicinal Plants' Growth and Production of Active Constituents
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Exposure of plants to SO2 resulted in the interruption of normal metabolic activity. Photosynthesis and respiration can be altered or enzymatic activity can be increased or decreased. The concentration of SO2 is responsible for the scale of metabolic change. There is a possibility that metabolic disorders can happen without visible signs of injury. In green plants, chlorophyll is one of the main vital parts of energy production and its quantity is significantly affected by the environmental situation. Reduction in chlorophyll causes a decrease in plant productivity and then causes plants to display poor strength (Speeding and Thomas 1973). Bell and Mudd (1976) suggested that the resistance of plants to SO2 might be related to the synthesis of deprivation of chlorophyll. However, plants balancing their chlorophyll under polluted circumstances are said to be tolerant (Singh and Verma 2007). The important tool to evaluate the effects of SO2 is the measurement of chlorophyll as it has an important role in plant metabolism. Plant growth is directly affected if there is any decrease in chlorophyll content (Agbaire and Esiefarienhre 2009). Generally, the impact of increased SO2 on plant growth is indicated by the net photosynthetic rate (Woo et al. 2007).
A method for screening antifouling paints using the CIELAB coordinates of Ectocarpus sp. under a flow-through condition
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Ryuji Kojima, Nobuyoshi Nanba, Glenn Satuito
The application of biocides is a traditional method of controlling biodecay of outdoor cultural heritage (Prieto et al. 2006; Thornbush 2008; Sanmartin et al. 2012), tiles (Coutinho et al. 2016) and solid substrata (Prieto et al. 2002, 2005; Sanmartin et al. 2010; Vazquez-Nion et al. 2013; Pozo-Antonio and Sanmartin 2018). Chlorophyll degradation to phaeopigments is used to test the biocidal efficacy of the anti-microbial agents (Sanmartin et al. 2011a; Prieto et al. 2013). In the present study, the usefulness of the CIELAB coordinates (L*, a*, b*, Commission Internationale de l’Eclarirage 2004; ASTM D 2244-0707 2005) in estimating chlorophyll degradation was investigated. Their findings showed that the CIELAB coordinates proved to be an effective tool in describing chlorophyll degradation (Sanmartin et al. 2011b). CIELAB coordinates appeared to be the most informative parameter in describing the biocidal activity in both planktonic and biofilm mode of growth. Therefore, the authors focused on the CIELAB colour coordinates as parameters for the evaluation of the bioassay.
Evaluating the role of gamma irradiation to ameliorate salt stress in corn
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Alireza Shaebani Monazam, Mohammad Ali Norouzian, Mehdi Behgar, Azam Borzouei, Hedayat Karimzadeh
The treatment and the time had significantly affected SPAD (Table 1). The results indicated a decreasing trend of greenness over time (Figure 3(a)), which decreased from 16–20 at the V3 (third leaf stage) stage to 6–9 at the R4 stage (dough stage). Furthermore, the greenness was higher in GI treatment than in control in all measurement stages. However, no significant difference was found at the R1 stage (silk stage). Chlorophyll a was significantly affected by treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction (Table 1) so that no significant difference was observed between control and GI treatment at the V3 stage, while the difference at R1 and R4 stages was significant (p < .001) (Figure 3(b)). GI had a higher chlorophyll a content as much as 1, 17, and 29% at V3, R1, and R4 stages, respectively, than control. The treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction significantly affected chlorophyll b content (Table 1). Over time, chlorophyll b showed a decreasing trend in both GI and control conditions (Figure 3(c)), which was statistically the same in both GI and control conditions at the last stage. The effect of treatment and time was significant on total chlorophyll content (Table 1), and the total chlorophyll content was significantly higher in GI treatment at all measurement stages (Figure 3(d)). The total chlorophyll content showed a downward trend in the growing season, which decreased from 48 mg g−1 FW at V3 to 17.5 mg g−1 FW at R4.
In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Anacardium occidentale L. extracts and their toxicity on PBMCs and zebrafish embryos
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Luana Souza Amorim, Pedro Everton Marques Goes, Rebeca Dantas Alves Figueiredo, Juliana Alves da Costa Ribeiro Souza, Josean Fechine Tavares, Lucio Roberto Cançado Castellano, Ricardo Dias de Castro, Davi Farias, Sabrina Garcia de Aquino
Anand et al. (2015) tested the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of A. occidentale leaves against the same species of microorganisms used in this study, finding the following MIC/MBC: S. mutans (78.12/156.25 μg/mL), S. aureus (78.12/156.25 μg/mL), E. faecalis (312.5/312.5 μg/mL), and E. coli (312.5/1250 μg/mL). These concentrations are lower than those found here. However, it is necessary to consider that in their study, dry leaves were used to obtain the extract, while we used fresh leaves. Thus, it can be suggested that the active principles present in the leaf may undergo modifications with dehydration, increasing its antimicrobial activity. In addition, chlorophyll degradation causes structural changes in leaf compounds (Kuai et al. 2018).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chlorophyll A
- Chloroplast
- Cyanobacteria
- Magnesium
- Photosynthesis
- Stereochemistry
- Stromatolite
- Aldehyde
- Chlorophyll B
- Chlorophyll F