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Bile Acid Interactions with Cholangiocytes
Published in Gianfranco Alpini, Domenico Alvaro, Marco Marzioni, Gene LeSage, Nicholas LaRusso, The Pathophysiology of Biliary Epithelia, 2020
Gianfranco Alpini, Shannon Glaser, Heather Francis, Marco Marzioni, Julie Venter, Jo Lynne Phinizy, Gene LeSage
Feeding ursodeoxycholate inhibits the ductal hyperplasia in BDL rats, however, these studies showed that the effect of ursodeoxycholate was on inhibition of proliferation without increasing cholangiocyte apoptosis.8 In contrast, Que et al79 showed that ursodeoxycholate inhibits beauvericin-induced apoptosis in a cholangiocarcinoma cell line and that the inhibition was dependent on preventing cytochrome C release from mitochondria and subsequent activation of caspases.
Zearalenone: Insights into New Mechanisms in Human Health
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Cornelia Braicu, Alina Andreea Zimta, Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
Mycotoxins are the general name given to a number of secondary metabolites produced by microscopic fungi that parasitize the crops. The main types of mycotoxins are the aflatoxins (AFB) B1, B2, G1, and G2, ochratoxin (OTA) A, trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), fumonision B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2), fusaproliferin, moniliformic, beauvericin-, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, altenuene, alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, altertoxin, and tenuazonic acid. All of these secondary metabolites have negative effects on human and animal health. Some of these mycotoxins are able to suppress immune system, promote cancer formation, and have a toxic effect on the skin, liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, and nervous system. Besides the ingested concentration value, the level of toxicity is influenced likewise by the physical condition and the age of the individual [1–5].
Lipids and Lipid-Like Compounds of Fusarium
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
A. H. Merrill, A. M. Grant, E. Wang, C. W. Bacon
Fusarin C is toxic and mutagenic and represents just one of the many secondary metabolites of Fusarium (T-2 toxin, fusaric acid, moniliformin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, beauvericin and diacetoxy-scirpenol) and will be discussed in depth because they are important contributors to some of the diseases caused by F. monoliforme.
Therapeutic potentials of endophytes for healthcare sustainability
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ayodeji O. Falade, Kayode E. Adewole, Temitope C. Ekundayo
Endophytes are also sources of the anticancer enzyme, asparaginase. Studies have shown that asparaginase from Colletotrichum sp. E5T9 effectively inhibited the survival rate of CaCo2 (colon adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (hepatocyte carcinoma) cells [36,37]. However, beauvericin, a cyclic peptide purified from Fusarium sp. (No. DZ27) has been reported to inhibit KB and KBv200 cells growth by induction of ‘apoptosis’ via amelioration of oxidative stress, release of cytochrome c, upregulation of ‘caspase-9 and −3, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)’ and failure of mitochondrial membrane potential [38]. Also, sclerotiorin obtained from Cephalotheca faveolate has been shown to stop the proliferation of colon cancer (HCT-116) cells through increased production of BAX, lowered production of BCL-2 and consequently, elevated the amount of cleaved caspase-3, which caused apoptosis of cancer cell lines [39].
Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of mycotoxin fusaric acid
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Sevcan Mamur, Fatma Ünal, Serkan Yılmaz, Esra Erikel, Deniz Yüzbaşıoğlu
According to the literature research, there are no studies on the potential genotoxic activity of FA mycotoxin in human lymphocytes in vitro. The study of the genotoxicity of other Fusarium species including fumonisin B1 (Lorenzi et al.2005), moniliformin (Aksoy et al.2008), beauvericin (Çelik et al.2010) were determined to have positive results in different cells. Lorenzi et al. (2005) reported that Fumonisin B1 showed a considerable increase in the frequency of SCE with a concentration of 100 μM and a significant increase in the MN with a concentration of 50 μM. Çelik et al. (2010) showed that mycotoxin of beauvericin caused a significant increase in CAs (1.25–10 μM), SCEs (1.25–10 μM), and MN (5 and 10 μM) in human lymphocytes (Çelik et al.2010). In another study, Aksoy et al. (2008) demonstrated that moniliformin induced DNA damage [comet tail intensity (%)] at 2.5–25 μM concentrations (except at 10 μM) in human lymphocytes using comet assay. Klaric et al. (2010) indicated that mycotoxin of beauvericin (0.5 μM) was significantly increased DNA damage in pig kidney epithelium PK15 cells and human leukocyte with comet assay. Contrary to these findings, the Fusarium mycotoxin of Enniatin B does not have genotoxic activity by using Salmonella typhimurium assay (100 μM), and hypoxanthin-guanin-phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) assay (up to 30 μM), CA and MN assays in V79 cells (Behm et al.2009).
Assessment of single-nucleotide variant discovery protocols in RNA-seq data from human cells exposed to mycotoxins
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
M. Alonso-Garrido, M. Lozano, A. L. Riffo-Campos, G. Font, P. Vila-Donat, L. Manyes
Mycotoxins are toxic chemical substances produced by filamentous fungi. Commodities such as cereals, nuts, oilseeds, dried fruits, coffee, wine, and their by-products are the most frequently contaminated by mycotoxins crops and substrates (FAO 2020). Even when good practices are applied in food production, storage and distribution chain, mycotoxins remain a concern in food safety. Substantial economic losses are linked to the impact of mycotoxins on human health and animal productivity, including domestic and international trade (Gil et al. 2016). Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatin B (ENB) are two nonlegislated mycotoxins frequently found in cereals and cereal-derived food and feed. They show similar hexadepsipeptides chemical structures (Carballo et al. 2018; Tolosa et al. 2019).