Methods of Protein Iodination
Erwin Regoeczi in Iodine-Labeled Plasma Proteins, 2019
An acyl group is the univalent group, , where R is any organic group attached to one bond of the bivalent carbonyl group ,. The alkyl group has already been defined in Section C.1.a. An aryl group is an organic group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by the removal of a hydrogen (e.g., the phenyl group, C6H5-, derived from benzene, C6H6). Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia (NH3) formed by the replacement of one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms by an alkyl or aryl group; correspondingly, the resulting aliphatic and aromatic (and other) amines are classified as primary (RNH2), secondary (R2NH), or tertiary (R3N) amines. Amides are carboxylic acid derivatives obtained by the replacement of the OH group of an acid by an amino group (NH2). Azo compounds are organic compounds which contain the group, -N:N-, attached to two alkyl or aryl groups (e.g., azobenzene, C6H5-N:N-C6H5). In contrast, only one of the two N atoms bonded together in diazo compounds is attached to a carbon of an organic structure (RN=N, see further below). Imines, containing the grouping, -CH=N-, arise from the condensation of primary amines with aldehydes (or ketones) through the loss of H2O. Imides are nitrogen analogs of anhydrides:
Introduction
Nicola Loprieno in Alternative Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals in the Cosmetic Industry, 2019
According to their potential toxic effects, they are classified as: Coloring agents allowed in all cosmetic products;Coloring agents allowed in all cosmetic products except those intended to be applied in the vicinity of the eye: in particular eye make-up and eye make-up removers;Coloring agents allowed exclusively in cosmetic products intended not to come into contact with the mucous membranes;Coloring agents allowed exclusively in cosmetic products intended to come into contact with the skin only briefly.Coloring agents which include nitro dyes, azo compounds, tryphenylmethane, xanthene, quinoline, anthraquinone, indigo, etc.
Structure, Photochemistry, and Organic Chemistry of Bilirubin*
Karel P. M. Heirwegh, Stanley B. Brown in Bilirubin, 1982
Bilirubin and other 4, 15-biladienes react with diazotized aromatic amines to give red to violet colored oxodipyrromethene azo compounds which can be useful in structure determination. Thus, as illustrated in Figure 10, bilirubin-IXα is capable of giving one mole equivalent of each of two isomeric azodipyrroles (isomerism due to differently located vinyl substituents;16–19 the theoretical number of isomers is eight when the geometric cis-trans and syn-anti- isomers are included). On the other hand, the symmetrical bilirubin-IIIα and XIIIα isomers each can give only one of the azo pigments (two mole equivalents), as shown, and other isomers of bilirubin, e.g., IXβ, IXγ, IXδ have been shown to give the expected different isomeric azo pigments (Table 2).20
Insights into biological activity of ureidoamides with primaquine and amino acid moieties
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Josipa Vlainić, Ivan Kosalec, Kristina Pavić, Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina, Eleni Pontiki, Branka Zorc
Free radicals play an important role in the inflammatory process and several diseases, as well as in potential damage of cellular compounds such as DNA, proteins and lipids. Consequently, compounds with antioxidative properties could be expected to offer protection and therapeutic treatment. LOX inhibitors are potential agents for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic diseases, certain types of cancer, and cardiovascular diseases32. Thus, to evaluate the antioxidative potential of PQ-derivatives 5a–f, we have used three different antioxidant assays: (a) the interaction with the stable free radical DPPH, (b) the interaction with the water-soluble azo compound AAPH and (c) the inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase in vitro. DPPH interaction of the tested compounds was examined at a 100 µM concentration after 20 and 60 min. As shown in Table 3, DPPH-reducing ability of all tested compounds was very low, possibly due to stereochemical reasons.
Sulfamethoxazole derivatives complexed with metals: a new alternative against biofilms of rapidly growing mycobacteria
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Fallon dos Santos Siqueira, Grazielle Guidolin Rossi, Alencar Kolinski Machado, Camilla Filippi Santos Alves, Vanessa Costa Flores, Viviane Drescher Somavilla, Vanessa Albertina Agertt, Josiéli Demetrio Siqueira, Renne de Sousa Dias, Priscila Marquezan Copetti, Michele Rorato Sagrillo, Davi Fernando Back, Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos
Nitric oxide level evaluation was performed through an indirect assay used to detect the presence of organic nitrite in the sample, following instructions published by Choi et al. (2012). Nitrite is detected and analyzed by the formation of a pinkish color when Griess reagent is added to a sample containing NO2−. The sulfanilamide present in Griess reagent is responsible for the formation of diazonium in the sample. When the azo compound (N-1-naphthylenediamino-bichlorohydrate) interacts with the diazonium salts, pink coloration appears in the sample. Supernatants of PBMCs exposed or not to the compounds in question were transferred to another clear 96-well plate containing 100 μl of Griess reagent. Assay incubation for 15 min at room temperature, absorbance was determined at 540 nm using an Anthos 2010 microplate reader (Anthos).
Molecular docking, quorum quenching effect, antibiofilm activity and safety profile of silver-complexed sulfonamide on Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Fallon dos Santos Siqueira, Camilla Filippi dos Santos Alves, Alencar Kolinski Machado, Josiéli Demétrio Siqueira, Thiago dos Santos, Caren Rigon Mizdal, Kelly Schneider Moreira, Diogo Teixeira Carvalho, Pauline Codernonsi Bonez, Carolina Gonzalez Urquhart, Roberto Christ Vianna Santos, Michele Rorato Sagrillo, Lenice de Lourenço Marques, Davi Fernando Back, Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos
Nitric oxide level evaluation was performed through an indirect assay used to detect the presence of organic nitrites in the sample, following the procedure of Choi et al. (2012). Nitrite is detected and analyzed by the formation of a pinkish color when Griess reagent is added to a sample containing NO2−. The sulfanilamide present in Griess reagent is responsible for the formation of diazonium in the sample. When the compound N-1-naphthylenediamino-bichlorohydrate interacts with this diazonium salt, an azo compound with pink color appears in the sample. Supernatants of PBMCs, both exposed and unexposed to the compounds in question, were transferred to another clear 96-well plate containing 100 μl of Griess reagent. After an incubation for 15 min at room temperature, absorbance was determined at 540 nm using an Anthos 2010 microplate reader.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Azo Dye
- Azobenzene
- Diazonium Compound
- Functional Group
- Organic Compound
- Diimide
- Cis–Trans Isomerism
- Redox
- Hydrazines
- Azoxy Compounds