Heterocyclic Drug Design and Development
Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg in Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Depending on the carbon framework, organic compounds can be classified into the open chain and closed chain or cyclic compounds. Cyclic compounds refer to those having atoms bound to each other in the form of a ring. These cyclic compounds can be sectioned into homocyclic and heterocyclic compounds (Figure 9.2). Homocyclic compounds, also known as carbocyclic or isocyclic compounds are the ones in which ring comprises of one type of atoms, mainly carbon. In heterocyclic compounds, the ring is formed by at least two different types of atoms (including a carbon). All atoms apart from carbon that are present in a ring are known as heteroatoms. However, in the majority of compounds, a major portion of the ring is composed of carbon. Most commonly witnessed heteroatoms include nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen (Farlex. Heterocyclic Compounds. The Free Dictionary).
Molecular Properties of Radiotracer Receptors
Lelio G. Colombetti in Principles of Radiopharmacology, 1979
Van der Waal bonds are very weak interactions between dipoles or induced dipoles. Carbon, because of its abundance in organic compounds, plays a predominant role in this type of bonding between radiotracer and receptors. Bond energies involved with van der Waal interactions are only about 0.5 kcal/mol, and the interaction only occurs in very close proximity between radiotracer and receptor. These forces, however, play a very important part in the specificity of radiotracer-receptor interactions. Although individually very small, these forces may, over a large number of molecules, become a considerable attractive force between radiotracer and receptor.
Cell Biology
C.S. Sureka, C. Armpilia in Radiation Biology for Medical Physicists, 2017
An organic compound is a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen. Organic compounds are synthesized by grouping elements via covalent bonds. For example, C can form multiple (4) covalent bonds with other C atoms and functional groups such as H, N, O, or S and hence lead to the formation of long and complex chains. This nature of the carbon atom induces the generation of four most important types of organic macromolecules, namely, nucleic acids (1% of the cell), proteins (15%), carbohydrates (1%), and lipids (2%).
Multi-Organ System Injury from Inhalant Abuse
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2019
H. Evan Dingle, Saralyn R. Williams
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of hydrogen and carbons atoms. When inhaled, hydrocarbons produce a euphoric effect. One subset, halogenated hydrocarbons, contains additional halogen elements such as chloride or fluoride. Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons are known to cause multisystem toxicity from both accidental and intentional inhalation (2). They are frequently abused due to their euphoric effects, low cost, and accessibility as they are found in many household products (2). Inhalant abuse has gained popularity and is particularly common among the adolescent and teenage population. The Monitoring the Future study demonstrated a decline in use among combined 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in 2015–2016; however, 2017 showed a significant increase in use by 8th graders. This study also noted that relatively low proportions of 8th and 10th graders believe there is “great risk” in using an inhalant once or twice (1).
In vitro cytogenetic activity of 3-amino-4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2,5-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu, Aliye Gediz Ertürk, Seval Kontaş Yedier, Vedat Şekeroğlu
Management of cancer still represents a major challenge in medicine despite significant progress achieved in anticancer therapy. Therefore, the development of novel effective anticancer drugs and strategies is eagerly being pursued (Rahman and Mohamed 2014). Heterocyclic organic compounds have several applications because of their structure (Grillo et al.2009). Thiadiazole is a versatile moiety that exhibits a wide variety of biological activities. Thiadiazole is a 5-membered ring system containing two nitrogen and one sulfur atom. They occur in nature in four isomeric forms: 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole (Bhuva et al.2011, Dawood and Farghaly 2017). It has been stated that compounds bearing thiadiazole rings exhibit antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticonvulsant and antiparasitic activities. Therefore, a number of thiadiazole-containing drugs and medicinal agents are currently on the market (Li et al.2013, Dawood and Farghaly 2017).
Looking for the phoenix: the current research on radiation countermeasures
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Vojtěch Chmil, Alžběta Filipová, Aleš Tichý
Chelating agents are a broad category of decorporating drugs. They are organic compounds that bind a metal atom by two or more coordinate covalent bonds. Trisodium calcium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (Ca-DTPA) and trisodium zinc diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (Zn-DTPA) are representatives of FDA-approved chelators. They are able to chelate transuranic ions such as plutonium, americium or curium, which are removed by renal excretion of the formed chelates (Kazzi et al. 2012; FDA 2016, 2013). Other agents include deferoxamine (DFOA), which binds magnesium, iron, and chromium. A pair of thiol compounds dimercaprol, also known as British anti-lewisite (BAL) and dimercaptopropanesulphonate (DMPS), bind arsenic and other heavy metals. Some other drugs are under development for internalized radionuclides (IAEA 2018).
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