Endocrinology and renal function
Andrew M. Luks, Philip N. Ainslie, Justin S. Lawley, Robert C. Roach, Tatum S. Simonson in Ward, Milledge and West's High Altitude Medicine and Physiology, 2021
While the topics of endocrinology and metabolism involve many systems controlling a great variety of bodily functions, the effect of altitude has been studied on only a fraction of these. The areas studied reflect the interests of scientists in understanding the endocrinologic and metabolic challenges to high altitude, because these issues not only affect well-being at high altitude but also have important implications for those traveling to altitude with various endocrine and metabolic disorders. This chapter surveys the principal changes in hormonal balance and metabolism upon initial arrival and with acclimatization to high altitude. The sympathoadrenal system is activated following ascent to high altitude with subsequent evolution in the response as the time spent at altitude increases. The kidney is remarkably resistant to altitude hypoxia. Brito et al. studied renal function in a group of healthy army personnel who regularly commuted to an altitude of 3550 m from sea level over a period of 12 or more years.
Control of endocrine hormone release
Ben Greenstein in Rapid Revision in Endocrinology, 2017
This chapter aims to understand the basic principles of feedback mechanisms, and presents important examples of the relevance of feedback mechanisms in basic and clinical endocrinology and how these may be used as diagnostic tests. It provides general principles of treatment using knowledge of endocrine feedback systems. Feedback systems maintain a set point for example central heating temperature regulation. Biological feedback mechanisms also control: fertility, metabolism, poorly understood cycles of sleep and wakefulness and circadian and other rhythms. Endocrine feedback systems include control of: brain and pituitary hormones, adrenal hormones, gastrointestinal tract hormones, growth hormones, sex hormones, thyroid hormones, feeding and satiety hormones, and salt and water balance. Many endocrine diseases result from disturbances of feedback control systems, and tests of feedback systems are of diagnostic value in, for example: acromegaly, Addison's disease, Cushing's disease, diabetes mellitus, growth disorders, hypo- or hyperthyroidism, infertility, and obesity.
Endocrinology and metabolic medicine
Shibley Rahman, Avinash Sharma in MRCP Part 2 Best of Five Practice Questions, 2018
Endocrinology and metabolic medicine questions are generally fair, as they tend to reflect what is common. Since thyroid disease is so common, a broad understanding of the clinical presentation, underlying biological mechanisms, and treatment of thyroid disease is a favourite topic. However, other topics are equally important (including tests of adrenocortical function, adrenal hypo-and hyper-functioning, hypertension, ovary and testis medicine, growth, parathyroid disease, disorders of lipid metabolism, and in particular diabetes mellitus).
Simulation and professional development: added value of 3D modelization in reproductive endocrinology and infertility and assisted reproductive technologies teamwork
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2019
Pierre-François Ceccaldi, Paul Pirtea, Vincent Lemarteleur, Marine Poulain, Dominique De Ziegler, Jean-Marc Ayoubi
As in other specialties of medicine, there is more to clinical performance in reproductive endocrinology, infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies (REI-ART) than simply the individual knowledge and technical skills. Simulation is commonly used during fellowship training in REI-ART, aiming to produce a virtual cycle of professional development in order to improve patient outcome. With scientific certification and the joint development of evaluation tools, the contribution of digitalization, such as 3 D printing and digital simulators, will facilitate teamwork in REI-ART and enable a better transmission of knowledge in the specialty.
A review of metformin and its place in the diabetes guidelines
Published in South African Family Practice, 2013
Metformin is considered to be the initial drug of choice for type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in overweight patients. This is based on its effectiveness in achieving glycaemic control, its favourable effects on weight, its low risk of causing hypoglycaemia and its reasonable cost. More importantly, metformin has also been consistently shown to have a favourable effect on cardiovascular risk factors, and to improve cardiovascular outcomes. It can be combined with other oral hypoglycaemic agents, as well as insulin, allowing for a beneficial additive effect. This article provides a brief overview on the use of metformin, as recommended by the Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa (SEMDSA), in its 2012 guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes.
Growth hormone therapy and treatment outcomes: current clinical practice of the Gulf Cooperation Council
Published in Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2014
Abdullah S Al Herbish, Ibrahim Al Alwan, Angham Al Mutair, Abdulaziz Al Twaim, Abdul-Moein Al Agha, Asma Deeb, Majedah Abdul-Rasoul, Ahmed El-Awwa, Suzan Al Mushcab, Khaled Esmat
Over the last 20 years, recombinant human growth hormone (somatropin) has been the cornerstone of managing children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Although both international and national guidelines for growth hormone (GH) therapy exist, there is currently no consensus on the optimal use of GH therapy in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The goals of GH therapy are to normalize height during childhood, attain normal adult height and correct metabolic abnormalities related to GHD. However, extended use of GH >50 µg/kg/day may increase frequency of adverse events. Here, we report the proceedings from a meeting of nine GCC pediatric endocrinology experts, which took place in Beirut in November 2011. The meeting was also attended by three European counterparts and aimed to provide consensus on best practice in the management of children with GHD in the GCC based on current local medical and regulatory environments.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Physiology
- Metabolism
- Endocrine System
- Internal Medicine
- Endocrine
- Hormone
- Histogenesis