Electrophysiology
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto in Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with the functions of human organs under normal conditions (Marieb & Hoehn, 2007; Tortora & Derrickson, 2018). Generally, the physiological systems are classified into ten different organ systems, as shown in Figure 3.1. All the physiological systems are interdependent and together perform the living process. From a systems perspective, the physiological systems are highly non-linear, extremely complex and multi-input and multi-output systems (Saladin, 2004; Martini, 2006). The measured physiological variables are not independent variables. There are several unmeasurable variables associated with the physiological system/process. The field of biomedical instrumentation is aimed at diagnosis and treatment of diseases and to support life or improve the quality of life (Khandpur, 1987). The objectives of biomedical instrumentation are (Singh, 2014): Diagnosis: To identify or determine the problem or the pathologies in the living system.Monitoring: To monitor or continuously assess the disease progression and the impact of the treatment.Control: Instruments aimed at treatment and control of pathologies, diseases or malfunctions.Prosthesis: Artificial body parts such as implants.
The fundamentals of health care education
Joseph A. Balogun in Health Care Education in Nigeria, 2020
The curriculum pattern of the nursing, pharmacy, physiotherapy, and optometry programs is similar to the medical and dental programs. During the preclinical phase, the other health professions take courses in medical psychology, biostatistics, research methods, biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, and microbiology. In the clinical stage, the students participate in small group conferences and discussions and acquire clinical experience working with patients in hospitals, clinics, and community settings. The programs hire qualified faculty with mixed clinical and research expertise to cover all the specialties in the discipline, to meet accreditation standards. The programs are mandated to have adequate infrastructures that include classrooms, faculty and staff office spaces, library and information technology, instructional and research laboratories, clinical facilities, and relaxation and study areas for students. Administrative support structure for academic records maintenance and registrar functions are made available. In addition, adequate educational and social support services, including counseling, tutoring, time management, mental health services, and academic advisors are open to the students. Above all, sufficient financial resources to educate the number of students enrolled is required.
Ayurveda in the West
D. Suresh Kumar in Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
All of the three ancient traditional forms of medicine that are still in use today, traditional Chinese medicine (T.C.M.), Unani-Tibb and Ayurveda are functional systems of medicine. These traditional systems of medicine view the human organism via systems and functions vs modern medicine which tends to view the body primarily by form and structure. Hence, the terms anatomy and physiology in modern medicine, whereas in traditional medicine it is more correct to state physiology and anatomy. Trying to fit a functional form of individualized medicine to a double-blind placebo study is fundamentally erroneous. This is because ayurvedic medicine treats the individual and not the symptoms of the disease or the structure in which the disease is located. The same disease can be treated in many different ways depending on the cause of the disorder and who is experiencing the disorder.
The impact of a student-led anti-racism programme on medical students’ perceptions and awareness of racial bias in medicine and confidence to advocate against racism
Published in Medical Education Online, 2023
Thérése M. Lynn, Katrina A. D’urzo, Oluwarotimi Vaughan-Ogunlusi, Kathryn Wiesendanger, Sarah Colbert-Kaip, Austin Capcara, Sarah Chen, Seamus Sreenan, Marian P. Brennan
Students attended one 90-minute virtual discussion group co-facilitated by one senior medical student and one faculty member to address the learning objectives outlined above. Staff and student facilitators with an interest in health equity were recruited voluntarily. Faculty facilitators had a wide range of experience including biochemistry, health psychology, clinical microbiology, clinical practice, physiology and medical education. Staff and student facilitators were required to complete the reading prior to the sessions. Their roles as facilitators were to encourage dialogue within the group relating to the pre-specified questions for the session. The groups ranged from 8–10 participants. Ground rules adapted from The Agreements for MultiCultural Interactions by East Bay Meditation Centre and University of Washington resources were outlined at the beginning of the discussion [46,47]. Three discussion questions adapted from the University of Washington programme were posed in the online discussion groups and each prompt was discussed for 25 minutes.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease establishment and progression: genetics and epigenetics as relevant modulators of the pathology
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Camila Cristiane Pansa, Letícia Ramos Molica, Karen C. M. Moraes
DNA methylation is a biological mechanism that covalent adds methyl groups (-CH3) to DNA at position C5 of cytosines I producing C5 (5mC). Specially, DNA sequences rich in C and guanines (G), known as CpG islands, which are frequently found in the promoter region of genes, are the main target of the methylation processes [34]. Those reactions are catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) [93], which obtain the -CH3 from the donor S-adenosyl-L methionine (SAM) synthetized in the one-carbon metabolism pathway (1 C) [114]. Hypermethylation of CpG islands is associated with gene expression inactivation or silencing, while their hypomethylation stimulates transcriptional activity [93] (Figure 2). Such mechanisms are extremely relevant for gene expression control and are modulated by both environmental stimuli and body’s physiology. To corroborate this information, folate, methionine, betaine, and choline obtained through a diet are substrates for the synthesis of -CH3 groups in the 1 C metabolic pathway. Studies in mice demonstrated that diets deficient in those elements reduced DNA methylation and, thus, NAFLD progression [115,116]. Other studies also demonstrated that animal models fed with a diet lacking vitamin B12 and folate developed microvesicular steatosis, due to high TG levels and impaired mitochondrial FA β-oxidation [117].
Embedding planetary health concepts in a pre-medical physiology subject
Published in Medical Teacher, 2023
Christian Moro, Michelle McLean, Charlotte Phelps
A new topic was introduced each week in the Physiology subject covering tissues, organ systems, and physiology concepts. Weekly content delivery comprised a 50-min lecture (theory) followed by a 1-hour tutorial (application). The PowerPoint lecture slides were released at the start of each week, allowing students to prepare for the lecture. Twelve planetary health facts or concepts (one per week) were introduced during the weekly lecture (Table 1). On an appropriate PowerPoint slide, a relevant planetary health fact (Did you know?) was inserted in the bottom left-hand corner and a relevant solution and link were provided in the bottom right-hand corner (Figure 1). When the slide with the planetary health fact was displayed, it was highlighted by the educator, although no substantial time was devoted to discussing this inclusion in either the lecture or tutorial time. In line with the interrelationship between the health of the planet and human health, the facts spanned the environment as a determinant of health (e.g. global warming, air pollution, vector-borne diseases, nature prescribing) as well as the environmental impact of healthcare (e.g. medical imaging).
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