The Atkins Diet
Caroline Apovian, Elizabeth Brouillard, Lorraine Young in Clinical Guide to Popular Diets, 2018
Samaha and colleagues randomized 132 severely obese subjects (mean BMI, 43 kg/m2), many of whom had metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, to either an ad libitum low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) or a calorie-restricted, low-fat diet (LFD).8 The study was conducted in an ambulatory setting and subjects received weekly group counseling sessions for four weeks followed by monthly sessions. At six months, there was significantly greater weight loss (5.8 kg vs 1.9 kg; P = 0.002) and triglyceride reduction (20% vs 4%; P = 0.001) in the LCKD group compared with the LFD group. Diabetic subjects in the LCKD group demonstrated improved serum glucose (decrease of 25 mg/dL versus a decrease of 5 mg/dL; P = 0.01) compared with their LFD group, whereas the nondiabetic subjects in the LCKD had improved insulin sensitivity (6% vs −3%; P = 0.01) compared with their LFD group. Seven LCKD subjects had a reduction of diabetic medication dosage compared with only one from the LFD group. Overall, the low-carbohydrate diet resulted in significantly more beneficial effects on body weight and metabolic parameters.
Medical Management of Uncomplicated Obesity
Susan L. McElroy, David B. Allison, George A. Bray in Obesity and Mental Disorders, 2006
Until recently there has been a paucity of scientific data regarding the low-carbohydrate diet. Several recent randomized-controlled trials examined the efficacy of the low-carbohydrate diet. Samaha et al. (7) compared the efficacy of a carbohydrate-restricted diet with a calorie- and fat-restricted diet in 132 severely obese subjects over a six-month period. Subjects assigned to the low-carbohydrate group lost more weight (mean, 5.7 ± 8.6 vs. 1.9 ± 4.2 kg; p = 0.002), had greater improvements in triglycerides (p = 0.001), insulin sensitivities (p = 0.01), and glycemic control (p = 0.02). Foster et al. (8) published a one-year trial comparing the use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet with a low calorie, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in 63 obese subjects. This study failed to show any significant difference in weight loss between the two groups after one year (4.4 ± 6.7 vs. 2.5 ± 6.3 percent body weight, p = 0.26). However, it should be pointed out that both groups showed improvements over baseline in diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and insulin sensitivity. These studies illustrate that in obese patients, a modest weight loss with dietary intervention alone conveys significant health benefits.
Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan in Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
While the long-term benefits of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet may not benefit performance, it may be possible to use this strategy over a shorter duration. For example, “carbohydrate loading,” which implements a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for about five days, may be used to deplete muscle glycogen and increase the oxidation rate of fat. Using this strategy, a high-carbohydrate diet is implemented on the sixth day or over several days to restore and supercompensate muscle glycogen. This may allow muscle glycogen to remain elevated over several days (9, 84, 85). From an efficacy standpoint, researchers have shown that this strategy may decrease muscle glycogen use during two hours of moderate-intensity cycling (70% of VO2max); however, it may not impact performance times to a greater extent than high-carbohydrate diets (36, 37). Additional researchers have shown that despite an increase in fat utilization with carbohydrate loading, high-intensity sprint performance was negatively impacted (100). While a number of carbohydrate loading strategies may be used to supercompensate carbohydrate, a complete discussion on this topic is beyond the scope of this chapter. Readers are directed to Sedlock (185) for a practical discussion on carbohydrate loading implementation.
Severe anion gap metabolic acidosis associated with initiation of a very low-carbohydrate diet
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2019
Sijan Basnet, Niranjan Tachamo, Salik Nazir, Rashmi Dhital, Asad Jehangir, Anthony Donato
Different low carbohydrate diets such as Atkins Diet, the South Beach Diet, and the Zone Diet have been tried effectively for weight loss [3]. The carbohydrate content in these diets is less than 200 grams per day. In very low carbohydrate diet, carbohydrates are greatly reduced to ≤ 20–50 grams per day with an increase in dietary fats and proteins. These diets are believed to promote weight loss through various mechanisms. High-fat content promotes early satiety [1]. Limitation of choices with low carbohydrate diet decreases appetite [4]. Low carbohydrate diet increases glucagon levels and decreases insulin levels which, in turn, activates phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphatase that favor gluconeogenesis and inhibits pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, and glucokinase that slow down the glycolytic pathway [5]. This maintains a steady glucose supply to tissues with an obligatory glucose requirement such as red blood cells and brain [1,3]. There is increased protein turnover to provide amino acids as substrates for glucose production. This requires increased energy expenditure contributing to weight loss [3].
Phase resetting of circadian peripheral clocks using human and rodent diets in mouse models of type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease
Published in Chronobiology International, 2019
Shinnosuke Yasuda, Shiho Iwami, Konomi Tamura, Yuko Ikeda, Mayo Kamagata, Hiroyuki Sasaki, Atsushi Haraguchi, Masako Miyamatsu, Shizuka Hanashi, Yoshiyuki Takato, Shigenobu Shibata
In this study, we found that freeze-dried human diets can cause a phase advance in mouse peripheral clocks. The control mouse diet, AIN-93M, strongly advanced the phase of the peripheral clocks compared with the human diets for the healthy, DB, or CKD. Almost all the human diets caused a similar phase advance in the liver clock. In acute gene-expression experiments, all human diets (for the healthy, DB, and CKD) similarly increased Per2 and decreased Rev-erb α expression in the liver. An acute change in clock gene expression by refeeding with AIN-93M was more potent than with the human diets. These results strongly suggest that a carbohydrate-rich food, such as AIN-93M, strongly affects phase advances and acute changes in clock gene expression through increased insulin secretion. In the following experiments, we prepared a low-carbohydrate human diet and compared it with a normal-carbohydrate human diet. Both the low-carbohydrate and normal-carbohydrate diets induced similar phase-advances, and acutely increased and decreased Per2 and Rev-erbα gene expression, respectively. However, increases in glucose and insulin levels were lower in the low-carbohydrate diet compared with the normal-carbohydrate diet. In this study, the expression of clock genes was checked at one sampling point. Further studies are needed to confirm that the observed difference of each clock gene is due to changes in phase, amplitude, or both. This distinction could not be made presently because sampling was done at only one point.
Environmental and genetic risk factors in the development of neuromyelitis optica
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2020
Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
In another study, Rezaeimanesh et al. examined the role of different sugars in disease risk and discovered that all sugars, with the exception of maltose and lactose, were associated with an increased risk of NMOSD [71]. Further, in another study, they found that the risk of disease increased by elevation of the level of carbohydrates in a low carbohydrate diet, which was a combination of carbohydrates, fat, and protein [72]. Furthermore, they found that elevation of the carbohydrate to protein ratio in the diet increased the risk of disease [73]. Further studies of this group have also revealed that greater consumption of whole grains and legumes was associated with a reduced risk of NMOSD development [74].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diet
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- Carbohydrate
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- Pasta
- Fat
- Meat
- Fish as Food
- Eggs as Food