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Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Brain and Spinal Tumors
Published in David A. Walker, Giorgio Perilongo, Roger E. Taylor, Ian F. Pollack, Brain and Spinal Tumors of Childhood, 2020
Ralph Salloum, Katherine Baum, Melissa Gerstle, Helen Spoudeas, Susan R. Rose
Symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, and nocturia or enuresis suggest DI.41 Screening can be done with an 8–12-hour water-deprived/overnight urinalysis and failure of the urine to concentrate when serum is concentrated. Urine-specific gravity in DI is usually quite low despite dehydration. Serum osmolarity rises and plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone are inappropriately low. A water deprivation test is needed to establish the diagnosis.33,41
Nephrology, including fluid and electrolytes
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
10.6. The bacterial colony count in urine from a patient with urinary tract infection may be falsely low in which of the following circumstances?As a result of contamination of the specimen with antiseptic.After a single dose of trimethoprim with sulphamethoxazole.When the urine specific gravity is less than 1.003.During prolonged periods of fever.When the specimen is an early morning collection.
Water Balance, Electrolyte Balance, and Hydration
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
The first step in the Collegiate or High-School Folkstyle events is a hydration test. This is done by instructing the wrestler to come to the hydration testing session well hydrated. The wrestler then urinates and in college has had a urine specific gravity of no more than 1.020 (Gibbs et al. 2009) and in high-school (State of Ohio Wrestling Handbook) less than 1.025 (OHSAA Wrestling Weight Certification Assessor’s Handbook). This tests for hypertonic hypohydration. That is dehydration occurs through sweating, as sweat is more dilute than the fluid inside the body, and therefore the plasma and urine become more concentrated than sweat and more concentrated than normal. Clearly a weakness in this Urine Specific Gravity Testing is the potential for the use of diuretics. With diuretics concentrated solute is lost in the urine with the water portion of the urine and the specific gravity of the urine stays the same or possibly becomes less leading to isotonic hypohydration or hypotonic hypohydration as opposed to hypertonic hypohydration. One suggestion is drug testing for commonly used diuretics in the urine used to measure specific gravity.
Heat acclimation does not negatively affect salivary immunoglobulin-A and self-reported illness symptoms and wellness in recreational athletes
Published in Temperature, 2022
Puck Alkemade, Nicola Gerrett, Hein A. M. Daanen, Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels, Thomas W. J. Janssen, Lauren C. Keaney
HA sessions lasted for 97 ± 4 min. Cycling during HA was performed at an average power output of 94 ± 17 W, heart rate of 132 ± 14 bpm (72 ± 7% of peak heart rate), and whole-body sweat rate of 1261 ± 433 g·h−1. Average urine-specific gravity was 1.012 ± 0.006. Resting rectal temperature was not significantly different between HST1 (37.54 ± 0.30°C) and HST2 (37.39 ± 0.38°C; t(16) = 1.90, P = 0.08), while end-exercise rectal temperature after 35 min of steady state cycling was lower in HST2 (38.08 ± 0.35°C) than in HST1 (38.24 ± 0.32°C; t(16) = 2.9, P = 0.01). End-exercise heart rate after 35 min of steady state cycling was lower in HST2 (139 ± 17 bpm) than in HST1 (147 ± 19 bpm; t(16) = 4.7, P < 0.001). Whole-body sweat rate during HST2 (1338 ± 549 g·h−1) was higher than during HST1 (1072 ± 370 g·h−1; t(16) = −4.9, P < 0.001). For more detailed heat acclimation data, the reader is referred to our previous work [36,41].
Simultaneous assessment of motor and cognitive tasks reveals reductions in working memory performance following exercise in the heat
Published in Temperature, 2022
Zachary J. Schlader, Jacqueline Schwob, David Hostler, Lora Cavuoto
Height and weight were measured with a stadiometer and scale (Satorius Corp., Bohemia, NY, USA). Urine-specific gravity was measured using a handheld refractometer (Atago, Bellevue, WA). Nude body weight was measured pre- and post-exercise after towel drying. Heart rate was measured using a standard heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Bethpage, NY, USA). Approximately 90 minutes prior to experimental testing, each subject swallowed a telemetry pill (HQ Inc., Palmetto, FL, USA) for the measurement of core temperature. This approach provides a valid measure of core temperature, particularly when drinking is prohibited [29]. Mean skin temperature was measured as the weighted average of four thermochron iButtons (Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA, USA) using the following equation: 0.3 · (chest + triceps) + 0.2 · (quadriceps + calf) [30].
Fan cooling after cardiovascular drift does not reverse decrements in maximal oxygen uptake during heat stress
Published in Temperature, 2019
Jonathan E. Wingo, Jason Ng, Charles P. Katica, Stephen J. Carter
For the first experimental trial, participants followed the same instructions as the first trial, and adherence to pre-test instructions was verified using a 24-h history form. Hydration status was verified using a refractometer to measure urine specific gravity (USG). USG values < 1.020 were considered euhydrated [33]. Nude body mass was measured before the trial using a digital scale (BWB-800, Tanita, Arlington Heights, IL). For the 15-min trial, participants strapped on a HR monitor and inserted a rectal temperature probe (RET-1, Physitemp Instruments, Clifton, NJ) ~10 cm past the anal sphincter for measurement of rectal temperature (Tre). They rode the cycle ergometer for 15 min at a power output corresponding to 60% V̇O2max, followed immediately (with no cessation of exercise) by a GXT to measure V̇O2max. The GXT began by initially increasing power output 25 W, with 25-W increases every 2 min thereafter. Participants cycled until volitional fatigue or until they were unable to maintain 40 rpm. Like the control GXT, approximately 2–3 min after test termination, a blood sample was obtained and analyzed for blood lactate concentration. After being de-instrumented, participants towel dried and measured nude body mass again.