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Toxic Wild West Syndrome
Published in J. Michael Ryan, COVID-19, 2020
Dinur Blum, Stacy L. Smith, Adam G. Sanford
Aggrieved masculinity (Kimmel 2017) – feeling entitled but not receiving what is expected or wanted – is a recipe for humiliation and sets the foundation for toxic masculinity. However, toxic masculinity is more than gendered entitlement. We argue that toxic masculinity is the combination of aggrieved masculinity with a conscious, intentional, and exaggerated performance of stereotypical masculine behaviors. It is a performance rooted in anger, frustration, and entitlement, designed to restore a person’s status as strong and masculine. It is designed to convince the audience that the actor is indeed strong and brave and should be at least feared, if not respected. It is also a way for powerless men to assert a form of power over other people, whether that is physical or symbolic (Levin and Madfis 2009; Rocque 2012).
Masculine Identity Development and the Incel
Published in Brian Van Brunt, Chris Taylor, Understanding and Treating Incels, 2020
When discussing toxic masculinity there is often an overreach in the media and among individuals to construe all masculinity as toxic. This is simply not the case. Toxic masculinity is a particular, negative performance of masculinity that has broad impacts on men, women, and society. While incels may have a sense of envy for Chads, mixed with a sense of contempt, they also often characterize Chads as womanizing “players” that they wish they could be. In this context, a Chad is not a particularly positive sense of masculinity either. In our context, it is crucial to note that there are options beyond being a Chad, a beta, or an incel. As discussed earlier it is more appropriate to refer to “masculinities” as opposed to one, monolithic masculinity.
Examining the Influence of Mental Health on Self-Stigma in a Mexican Prison
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2021
Berenice Pérez-Ramírez, Juan J. Barthelemy, Robin E. Gearing, Lindamarie Olson, Natalia Giraldo-Santiago, Luis R. Torres
High levels of education, age, race, marital status, and gender have been identified as risk factors for increased self-stigma (Moore et al., 2018). Among imprisoned individuals, higher levels of education have been associated with increased perceived stigma (Lebel, 2012). Moreover, older imprisoned individuals may experience higher rates of self-stigma as they fall out of the normative age range of peak offending (Moore et al., 2018). With regards to gender, males may experience self-stigma due to traditional male gender role (Griffiths et al., 2015). Particularly among Mexicans, self-stigma can be exacerbated by cultural value of machismo, where males are expected to show a strong sense of masculinity, self-sufficiency, and authority over others. Thus, machismo has been found as a risk factor in the development of mental health conditions and lack of treatment engagement due to stigma (Zayas & Torres, 2009). Toxic masculinity has been observed in prison as a socially destructive behavior that perpetuates stigma toward men who exhibit vulnerable characteristics (Kupers, 2005). Moreover, racial/ethnic identity has been associated with increased internalized stigma among people with depression (Latalova et al., 2014). In addition, individuals who are single have been found to have higher rates of self-stigma compared to those who are married (Gilkes et al., 2019).
Every guy needs his team: the promise of peer-led mentoring groups for college men
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Michael Di Bianca, Nicholas G. Martin, James R. Mahalik
Distancing themselves from harmful expressions of masculinity was a variant theme in both groups (FL n = 8; CG n = 3). Some Comparison group participants felt strongly about not fitting into “examples of toxic masculinity…I tend to stay away from that…or try to move away from that notion, and to promote other forms of masculinity.” Another participant echoed this critique by rejecting the choice to “get drunk” and “take the emotions away,” also claiming that “you don’t have to be the dominant one all the time” in relationships. Likewise, Freshmen League participants noted that more positive masculinities were linked to connections with their male peers, or “strength in numbers.” One explained: