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Influence of Environmental Agents on Male Reproductive Failure
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
A few environmental agents have been studied for their effects on human sperm morphology. Lancranjan et al. found that the percentage of abnormal sperm in ejaculates from men working in a lead storage battery plant was directly proportional to blood lead values.3 Significant levels of teratospermia were found in men with blood leads of 30 to 80 Mg%. A study of spermatotoxic effects of cigarette smoking found that the percentage of abnormal sperm was directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked daily.18 Significant differences were also found between semen of men who had smoked for more than 10 years and those who had smoked for shorter periods.
The Application of Genetic Tests in an Assisted Reproduction Unit: Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Screening
Published in Nicolás Garrido, Rocio Rivera, A Practical Guide to Sperm Analysis, 2017
Esther Andrés, Rocío Rivera, Nicolás Garrido
Similarly, mutations in the CFTR gene have been identified in patients with other types of male infertility, such as nonobstructive azoospermia, oligospermia, asthenospermia, and teratospermia.9,13,14 This finding indicates an association between CFTR gene expression and sperm quality.15 In addition, the presence of the CFTR protein in Sertoli cells and epithelial cells in rat epididymis and its expression in sperm cells at different stages of spermatogenesis have been identified.15,16 Therefore, observations of different clinical studies propose that mutations in the CFTR gene could be affecting sperm production and maturation and its fertilization ability.
Principles of Pathophysiology of Infertility Assessment and Treatment*
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Joseph G. Schenker, Aby Lewin, Menashe Ben-David
Semen with low concentration (oligospermia), impaired motility (asthenospermia), and morphologically abnormal (teratospermia) may be defined as the OTA syndrome (Figure 11). This is the most common form of male infertility disorder. Each of the factors of spermatozoa density, motility, and morphological abnormality can impair the process of procreativity. The degree of severity of each parameter can significantly differ in various patients. Among the factors that can play a major role in the development of this syndrome are primary testicular hypoplasia as in the undescended testis, atrophy of the testis due to trauma, inflammation, radiation, drugs, nicotine, chemical agents, heat, and varicocele. The main problem in the therapy of this condition is that the cause of reduced fertility is unknown and consequently, no specific therapy is available. Several hormones and drugs have been used with varied degrees of success. The different treatment approaches of empiric forms of therapy are hormonal preparations, HMG-HCG, CC, taxomophen, Gn-RH analogs, androgens, anti-inflammatory therapy with antibiotics and antiphlogistic preparation, immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids, use of andrenergic drugs, vitamins, caffeine, aspirin, zinc, kallikrein, etc. Recently, intrauterine insemination of sperm following washing and the use of different preparation procedures have been applied. In the presence of varicocele, surgical treatment of high ligation of spermatic vein has been applied. Semen quality improves in 50 to 60% of men following surgical procedure, but conception is achieved in only 35 to 30% of the cases. Recently, pregnancies were achieved by applying the new technology of IVF and GIFT procedure in cases with a low quality of semen. Sperm motility was the single most important parameter determining fertilization rate. Fertilization failed when motility of spermatozoa used was below 30%. The percentage of abnormal sperm forms had a negative effect on fertilization, but it was effective when there was more than 60% of abnormal forms. Sperm density had no effect on fertilization rate. In the future, clinical progress may be achieved by injecting one sperm into the perivitelline space or by drilling a hole in the zona pellucida by micromanipulation of the gametes.
The effect of seminal plasma cadmium and lead levels on semen parameters in male subjects of infertile couples: a prospective cohort study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Gorkem Tuncay, Abdullah Karaer, Emrullah Tanrikut, Onur Ozgul
Semen analysis has been performed according to the 2010 World Health Organisation criteria (World Health Organization 2010). Semen quality parameters were measured using sperm-counting chambers and a standard microscope with a 20× objective (Olympus CX 41, Hamburg, Germany). Semen samples were all analysed by same operator (NT). Semen volume (ml), sperm concentration (millions/ml), proportion of motile sperm (%), total progressively motile sperm count (TPMSC) as semen volume (ml) × sperm concentration (millions/ml) × proportion of progressive motile sperm (%) and sperm morphology using Kruger’s strict criteria were calculated. Diagnosis of oligo, astheno and teratospermia was made according to the 2010 World Health Organisation criteria (World Health Organization 2010). Minimum reference values of 2010 WHO criteria were applied; volume of 1.5 ml, sperm concentration of 15 million/ml, total motility of 40%, and 4% of normal morphology (Kruger criteria). Biological samples were dispensed into aliquots and stored in Eppendorf tubes at −80°C until assayed.
Novel methods to enhance surgical sperm retrieval: a systematic review
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2021
Eliyahu Kresch, Iakov Efimenko, Daniel Gonzalez, Paul J. Rizk, Ranjith Ramasamy
For couples struggling with infertility, male infertility can be the sole contributing factor in 20–30% of cases and the partial contributing factor in 10–20% [1]. Infertility in males can be attributed to a variety of factors related to the production, transport, or function of sperm. Semen can exhibit decreased concentration of sperm (oligospermia), decreased motility of sperm (asthenospermia), decreased morphology of sperm (teratospermia), and finally, absent sperm in the ejaculate (azoospermia) [2]. In cases of azoospermia or absent ejaculate altogether, treatments can be focussed on obtaining adequate sperm samples for use in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Traditionally, these treatments have included vasal, epididymal, or testicular aspiration. In the present review, we will discuss recent advances in surgical sperm retrieval for non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), focussing primarily on microdissection-testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE)
The First Ejaculation: A Male Pubertal Milestone Comparable to Menarche?
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2020
Why would a trigger for a first ejaculation be necessary—why not solely ejaculate during intercourse? There are at least two conceivable reasons: to release excess spermatozoa and genital fluid from the body, and to release sexual tension in the brain. Levin (1975) proposed that masturbation and nocturnal emission occur to minimize hyperspermia (sperm dilution) and teratospermia (abnormal sperm), thus ensuring optimal semen content is ready for intercourse. Baker and Bellis (1993) supported Levin’s notion by finding that ejaculation outside of intercourse reduces the overall number of older decrepit sperm inseminated during intercourse while the amount of sperm retained by the female is unaffected, thus improving overall sperm fitness. Other than an adaptive benefit to releasing excess sperm, solitary ejaculation during adolescence may be a necessary expression of sexuality amid a yearning for sexual intercourse. Research on this latter notion is lacking, though masturbation has been suggested as being important for healthy psychosexual development (Coleman, 2002).