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Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Coumestrol (Figure 12.17) has a structure based on the central core of the family of naturally occurring phytoestrogen compounds known as the coumestans. Coumestrol is found in spinach, brussels sprouts, soy beans, and a variety of legumes. The highest concentrations are found in clover, kala chana (a type of chick pea), and alfalfa sprouts, but it is also present in lima and pinto beans, and split peas. Red clover is thought to contain the highest percentage of coumestrol at a level of approximately 1.3 g/ 100 g. Based on animal toxicity studies, the maximum tolerable daily intake for humans is calculated to be 22 µg/kg. As with many phytoestrogens, coumestrol can pass through cell membranes readily due to its relatively low molecular weight (i.e., 268.22) and favorable physicochemical properties, after which it is thought to interact with various enzymes and receptors. Structure of coumestrol.
Risk Characterization
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
The MATT report misinterpreted this cancer slope factor as a “reference dose for carcinogenicity” and indicated that the US tolerable daily intake (TDI) value for a 60 kg individual would be 66 mg. The MATT derived a TDI of 0.41 mg/d for a 60 kg individual, equivalent to 0.007 mg/kg/d.66,67
Fumonisins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Alicia Rodríguez, Agustín Ariño, Marta Herrera, Juan J. Córdoba
Fumonisins are a series of mycotoxins produced by some Fusarium species that are ubiquitous contaminants of maize and derived products. Although there are few studies about their health risk to humans, it seems that consumption of food products contaminated with fumonisins has been correlated with an increased risk of human cancer. These mycotoxins also affect animals in different ways by interfering with the sphingolipid metabolism. Due to their high toxicity, regulations and opinions by international agencies of food safety have been adopted to set maximum levels of these mycotoxins in foods and feeds and the maximum tolerable daily intake of these mycotoxins. Therefore, identification and detection of fumonisin-producing species contaminating plants mainly before harvesting could allow corrective actions to minimize the presence of toxigenic strains and, consequently, reduce risk associated with fumonisins accumulation in foods. Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for their detection mainly based on HPLC and UPLC are available. Furthermore, some strategies are advisable to prevent growth of toxigenic species of Fusarium and reduce risk of such mycotoxins accumulation throughout the entire food chain. An integrated strategy that combines identification and quantification of toxigenic strains, detection of fumonisins in contaminated maize, and application of a control strategy should be implemented to avoid any risk linked to accumulation of these mycotoxins in foods and thus protect the health and well-being of animals and humans.
Potential toxic elements in sediment and fishes of an important fish breeding river in Bangladesh: a preliminary study for ecological and health risks assessment
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Y. N. Jolly, Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Md. Saiful Islam, S. Akter, Abubakr M. Idris, Khamphe Phoungthong
The calculated EDI values of the heavy metals are listed in Table S6. The EDI values were compared with the respective tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. The results showed that the EDI values of the PTEs were lower than their corresponding TDI value (JECFA 2003), indicating low risks of PTEs from the studied fish species. Non-carcinogenic risk was carried out to find out the potential risk by consumption of fish species collected from Halda River, Bangladesh. The THQ by individual metals, the consumption of these fishes is shown in Table 3. From this Table, it is clearly shown that all of the THQ values for both adults and children were distinctly lower than the hazard quotient threshold of 1. In addition, due to the dilution of metals by rain, metal content decreases in water bodies, which slightly reduced the THQ by the consumption of all fishes. The HI was lower than 1 for both adults and children for the studied six fish species indicated that there was no potential non-carcinogenic risk for the consumers of the study area in Bangladesh.
A review on neuropharmacological role of erucic acid: an omega-9 fatty acid from edible oils
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
J. B. Senthil Kumar, Bhawna Sharma
The actual toxicity reports of EA toxicity dates back in 1970, when rapeseed oil right about acid containing 49% of EA fed rats causes rapid and severe fat infiltration of the myocardium as indicated by the change in heart tissue sections colour in to pale and cream [88]. The same observations were obtained when trierucin was fed in to rats. These studies had led to the pavement of the EA toxicity on heart muscle by various other investigators [88]. Consequently, it has drawn the attention of scientific community and regulatory agencies worldwide. In order to protect the public health, various countries clearly defines the permissible EA contents in food and animal product. Consumption of oils rich in EA has been connected with the onset of myocardial lipidosis and heart lesions in test animals. Therefore, EA content in edible oils was restricted to certain levels globally by various regulatory agencies [101]. For example, EA is considered as natural toxicant by the joint Food Standards Code of Australia and New Zealand and 20 g/kg (2%) was set as the maximum levels in edible oils [102]. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a risk assessment of EA in 2016, establishing a tolerable daily intake for humans of 7 mg kg−1 body weight per day [103]. However, in countries like India still high EA content mustard oil is used due to its suitability for Indian cooking style. In fact epidemiologic studies among Indians do suggest that mustard oil consumption can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease [82].
Concentrations, source apportionment and potential health risk of toxic metals in foodstuffs of Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Tapos Kormoker, Ram Proshad, Md. Saiful Islam, Md. Shamsuzzoha, Ayesha Akter, Tanmoy Roy Tusher
This study revealed that the studied food samples were heavily contaminated with various toxic metals which were found in the decreasing order of Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Cd. Most importantly, the concentrations of toxic metals including Cr, As, Cd, and Pb in foodstuffs were higher than the permissible limits recommended by WHO and FAO. Multivariate analysis showed that these major toxic metals in foodstuffs were predominantly contributed by anthropogenic activities which result in continuous accumulation of toxic metals in agricultural soils. The total estimated daily intake values of all the metals, excluding Cu, were higher than the maximum tolerable daily intake; indicating potential risk to the consumers. On the other hand, the THQ values of Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb exceeded the threshold value of 1.0 which also indicated that the consumers would possibly experience serious health risks if they being exposed to the toxic metals via consumption of the studied foodstuffs. The study also showed that As in foodstuffs might exert lifetime carcinogenic health risk to the consumers. Therefore, this study recommended to review the national environmental standards and to formulate policy for safeguarding the environment from being contaminated by toxic metals. In addition, continuous monitoring of toxic metals in environmental components as well as commonly cultivated and consumed foodstuffs to alleviate their associated health risks in Bangladesh.