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Marine Biotoxins: Symptoms and Monitoring Programs
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Huma Bader Ul Ain, Farhan Saeed, Hafiza Sidra Yaseen, Tabussam Tufail, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
Most of the Coral reef fish are defiled with marine poisons called ciguatoxin that are obtained from dinoflagellate alga Gambierdiscus toxicus. When fish uses the poisonous algae developing on coral reefs then exchange of ciguatoxins may happen. These contaminated fish are later consumed by larger predatory reef fish that can collect higher levels of ciguatoxins in their muscle tissue, organs, and fat.
Neurotoxicology
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Sean D. McCann, Trevonne M. Thompson
Ciguatera is a unique toxicologic syndrome caused by ingestion of ciguatoxin, a poison produced by microscopic marine organisms called dinoflagellates and bioaccumulated in large reef fish such as barracuda, amberjack, sturgeon, sea bass, or grouper. The neurologic toxicity of ciguatoxin ciguatera appears similar to peripheral neuropathies with painful paresthesia of the extremities, however, it is notable for the unique finding of a sensation of hot and cold reversal (patients report cold objects feel scalding hot and vice versa). Ciguatoxin's effects are mediated by its ability to maintain sodium channels in an open position leading to continuous cell depolarization rather than neurodegeneration as with most toxic neuropathies. GI symptoms are also prominent in most cases. Treatment is primarily supportive, and no effective antidote has been identified. Some early studies appeared to show improvement with mannitol administration, but a subsequent double-blind randomized controlled trial showed no benefit.
Ciguatera: A Treating Physician's Perspective on a Global Illness
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Ritchie C. Shoemaker, James C. Ryan
In the Republic of Kiribati, Chan (33) found 91% of fish were ciguatoxic, with groupers and moray eels the most affected. Toxicity, however, varied by 10,000-fold within species, and given this variability, the authors suggest that quantitative information on ciguatoxin in different fish species would not benefit human health attempts to prevent illness. Another Republic of Kiribati study by Mak in 2013 (34) showed that accumulation of ciguatoxin does not depend on fat content.
Nature and applications of scorpion venom: an overview
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Saadia Tobassum, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Tariq Zahid, Shaukat Ali, Muhammad Mohsin Ahsan
Toxins interact with VGSCs in two ways. It either results in a blockage of pore when the neurotoxin physically obstructs the pore and inhibits the conductance of sodium ions, or in a modification of the gating, that altered the voltage-dependence and gating kinetics of the ion channels. Toxins that interact with the site 1 use first mechanism. For example, tetrodotoxin (TTX) and sexitoxin (STX) are pore blockers of site 1. Grayanotoxin and batrachotoxin are site 2 toxins which prevent inactivation and therefore, channel remain persistently active (Stevens et al. 2011). Scorpion α-toxins and sea anemone toxins bind to site 3 and inhibit the inactivation (Possani et al. 2000). Scorpion β-toxins and spider β-toxins are site 4 toxins which shift the activation toward hyperpolarized state (Shichor et al. 2002). Site 5 toxins like ciguatoxins and brevetoxins display a real effect upon binding with VGSC, for example, inhibition of activation and the hyperpolarizing shift of voltage-dependence activation. Finally, δ-conotoxins interact with site 6 and produce similar outcomes as the site 3 neurotoxins by inhibiting inactivation (Figure 3) (Stevens et al. 2011).
Ciguatera fish poisoning in France: experience of the French Poison Control Centre Network from 2012 to 2019
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Luc de Haro, Corinne Schmitt, Sandra Sinno-Tellier, Nathalie Paret, David Boels, Gaël Le Roux, Jérôme Langrand, Nicolas Delcourt, Magali Labadie, Nicolas Simon
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is frequent in the tropics, with an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 patients poisoned per year within the endemic area [1–3]. It is caused by ingesting fish contaminated with ciguatoxins produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus [1–4]. Over 400 species of fish have been involved [2,4]. The objective of this study was to discuss the experience French Poison Control Centres (French PCCs) had of ciguatera over an 8-year period with patients poisoned in endemic areas (other countries or French overseas territories) or non-endemic (Mainland France) and to emphasize territorial differences in poisonings.