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Hazard Characterization and Dose–Response Assessment
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
The European Commission has also incorporated using MOA in its risk assessment guidance for industrial chemicals and biocides.108 The European Food Safety Authority includes a MOA assessment in its guidance on harmonizing cancer and non-cancer risk assessment approaches.109 Consideration of MOA is recommended in the European Community REACH Regulation guidance for conducting a chemical safety assessment, and in the new “classification, packaging and labeling” regulation on chemical substances and mixtures.110 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recommends using MOA to support the building of chemical categories or when using read-across approaches.111 With the push for using more systematic and weight of evidence approaches in risk assessment, the use of mode of action/human relevance framework (MOA/HRF) and key events dose–response framework approaches will likely increase correspondingly. Hopefully, the adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) will find a use through integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATAs), but the utility of AOPs remains to be demonstrated.
Comparison of ConsExpo estimated exposure levels to glycol ethers during professional cleaning work to existing regulatory occupational exposure limit values
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
The author identified ConsExpo [40] as a suitable tool for the exposure estimations. ConsExpo is a Web-based modelling tool for estimating consumer exposure to substances in various products in a wide range of exposure scenarios [41]. At the same time, ConsExpo functions well for industrial chemical safety assessment (CSA) as is required by the chemical regulation (EU) 1907/2006 on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals, REACH and for biocides [40]. One can carry out exposure assessment using a tiered approach, starting with simple first-order models that estimate the upper level of exposure and working down to more detailed and complex models when the exposure estimation may need refining. More data input is necessary for a more detailed exposure assessment [42].
Development of reliable quantitative structure–toxicity relationship models for toxicity prediction of benzene derivatives using semiempirical descriptors
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Ayushi Singh, Sunil Kumar, Archana Kapoor, Parvin Kumar, Ashwani Kumar
Invertebrates and algae are the important testing endpoint for chemical safety assessment and in silico predictive methods are required to fill the data gap of toxicity toward toxicity endpoints (EC–European Commission Regulation 1999; ECHA. 2008; Valerio 2012). Algae form one of the most significant parts of the food chain of the aquatic environment and are responsible for providing basic nutrition to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of chemicals by algae leads to biomagnification which can cause toxicity to other living organisms including human beings (Seth and Roy 2020). Therefore, it is important to develop predictive models for toxicity toward algae like Scenedesmus obliquus. Its rapid reproduction ability and high sensitivity to pollutants make it an attractive model organism for environmental toxicity determination (Cai et al. 2008). Likewise, Ciliated protozoa, e.g. Tetrahymena pyriformis possess many characteristics which are desirable in a test organism for assessment of environmental risk, e.g. it occurs at the first tropic level and shows early indications of toxicity. It is significantly involved in energy and matter transfer and can be cultured easily. These models can be used to study physiological and metabolic processes for several generations which is very important from a toxicology point of view (Bogaerts et al. 2001).
Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Ralph Pirow, Annegret Blume, Nicole Hellwig, Matthias Herzler, Bettina Huhse, Christoph Hutzler, Karla Pfaff, Hermann-Josef Thierse, Tewes Tralau, Bärbel Vieth, Andreas Luch
Under REACH, substances must be registered at a market volume per registrant of 1 ton or more per year. Depending on the total tonnage level registrants must fulfill a set of standard information requirements (mostly in vitro or in vivo tests in animals, cf. REACH Annexes VII-X) which can be adapted under certain circumstances (REACH Annex XI). In addition, if certain conditions are fulfilled, they must submit a so-called “Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA)” in order to demonstrate that potential risks due to hazardous properties of the registered substance are adequately controlled. For the registration of most, if not all petroleum-derived substances, the REACH standard information requirements have been adapted in favor of category/grouping approaches, i.e. individually registered substances are allocated to groups/categories (e.g. based on comparable production processes) and their risk assessment is based on a matrix of physico-chemical and (eco)toxicological properties, and biological fate data which are read across between group members in order to fill data gaps. While this approach is sensible as such, in particular from an animal welfare and resource perspective, it is clear that it can only produce reliable results if sufficient mutual similarity in composition between all materials registered under each individual registration, between category members, and between the substances used for testing can be established with confidence.