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Benzene Metabolism (Toxicokinetics and the Molecular Aspects of Benzene Toxicity)
Published in Muzaffer Aksoy, Benzene Carcinogenicity, 2017
Keith R. Cooper, Robert Snyder
Benzene is ubiquitous in the environment and low level exposure occurs through water, natural food stuffs, and from atmospheric exposure. It has been estimated that 20 lb of benzene is lost per ton of benzene produced during transfer and storage of benzene, with approximately 94% lost as air emissions and 6% as water effluents.6 There is very limited data available on benzene present in water, but it has been detected in U.S. water supplies in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 ppb.7 The contamination of water supplies from gasoline also poses a risk for human exposure to benzene because benzene is blended into gasoline and is a natural component of petroleum products. Benzene is slightly soluble in fresh water, 0.8 parts by weight in 1000 parts of water at 20°C. Benzene has a relatively low-calculated bioconcentration factor of 1.3, based on benzene octanol/water partitioning.7 The absorption of benzene across the skin as a vapor or in aqueous media is minimal and is not therefore a major route for exposure. There are several reports in the literature on the occurrence of benzene in food stuffs.8,9 Benzene occurs naturally in fruits, fish, vegetables, nuts, dairy products, beans, and eggs. Eggs, for example, contain between 500 to 1900 μg/kg of benzene.
Geochemical speciation and bioaccumulation of trace elements in different tissues of pumpkin in the abandoned soils: Health hazard perspective in a developing country
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md Saiful Islam, Md Kawser Ahmed, Abubakr M. Idris, Khamphe Phoungthong, Md Ahosan Habib, Ramal Ahmed Mustafa
To establish a relationship between readily available form of essential and toxic elements in soil and its uptake by plants, it was necessary to determine the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factors (TF). Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of essential and toxic elements from soil to the edible parts of a plant was defined as the ratio of the element concentration in the plant’s tissues to the element concentration at exchangeable form in soil (Yoon et al.2006, Liu et al.2007, Islam et al.2018). Bioconcentration factor can be used to evaluate the plants capability to transfer the readily available elements from soil to the vegetative tissues and is one of the key components controlling metals exposure to human through food chain transfer. The BCF value of ≤1.00 is an indication that the plant can only take up elements but cannot accumulate in the tissues. BCF value >1.00 implies that the plant may have the ability to absorb and accumulate elements in their tissues (Liu et al.2007). BCF can be calculated using the relation in Equation (1): plant represent the concentration of essential and toxic elements (mg/kg dw) in the plant parts and Csoil represent the concentration of readily available essential and toxic elements (exchangeable form) in soil (Khan et al.2010, Islam et al.2018).
Trace elements concentration in soil and plant within the vicinity of abandoned tanning sites in Bangladesh: an integrated chemometric approach for health risk assessment
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md. Saiful Islam, Tapos Kormoker, Mohini Mazumder, Suraia Easnur Anika, Md. Towhidul Islam, Debolina Halder Hemy, Ummah Salma Mimi, Ram Proshad, Md. Humayun Kabir, Abubakr M. Idris
To establish a relationship between essential and toxic elements concentration in soil and its uptake by plants, it was necessary to determine the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factors (TF). Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of essential and toxic elements from soil to the edible parts of a plant was defined as the ratio of the element concentration in the plant’s tissues to the element concentration in soil. The BCF was calculated for each plant at each site separately. Bioconcentration factor can be used to evaluate the potential capability of plants to transfer elements from soil to the vegetative tissues and is one of the key components controlling human exposure to metals through the food chain. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) estimates the ratio of soil essential and toxic elements content to that in plant parts (Yoon et al. 2006, Liu et al. 2007, Islam et al. 2018b). The BCF value of ≤1.00 is an indication that the plant can only take up elements but cannot accumulate in the tissues. BCF value >1.00 implies that the plant may have the ability to absorb and accumulate elements in their tissues (Liu et al. 2007). BCF can be calculated using the relation in Equation (1): plant and Csoil represent the total essential and toxic elements concentration in the edible part of plant and metal concentration in soils on a dry weight basis, respectively (Khan et al. 2010, Li et al. 2012).