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Patient autonomy and criminal law
Published in Paweł Daniluk, Patient Autonomy and Criminal Law, 2023
Interestingly, the legislative development described is a very strong strengthening of the individual's right to self-determination: First, a precautionary measure that seriously violates a person's physical integrity and gender identity, i.e., involuntary removal of the gonads, is prohibited. As a result of development, a person is eligible for gender reassignment surgery on the basis of a diagnosis of transsexuality considered a gender identity disorder and is given privacy to protect transsexual identity and protection against discrimination. The drafting of the 2002 law took into account the provisions of the ECHR and the Constitution on the right of everyone to self-determination. It was concluded from the case law of the ECtHR that in order to protect the privacy guaranteed by Art. 8 of the ECHR, the state is required to recognise the gender identity of a person in official actions where gender is relevant.7
The Harm of Ableism
Published in Fritz Allhoff, Sandra L. Borden, Ethics and Error in Medicine, 2019
Joel Michael Reynolds, David Peña-Guzmán
A medical diagnosis, in addition to exercising a social control function in modern societies, can help individuals gain access to care and treatment. Gender-reassignment surgery and hormone treatments are very expensive, and the fear is that neither publicly funded health providers, nor private medical insurance schemes will pay for treatments that are not prescribed with the intention of relieving a diagnosed condition. Some trans people ultimately view the label of disorder as the price that must be paid for access to treatment. For some, medical treatment truly is a matter of life or death, and they fear the removal of it from diagnostic manuals could have devastating consequences. Members of the WHO Working Group acknowledge this quandary and insist that diagnostic manuals like the ICD “find a balance between the competing issues of stigma versus access to care” (Inch 2016, 199).
Sexualised behaviour and gender issues
Published in Quentin Spender, Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Jenny Murphy, Primary Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2018
Quentin Spender, Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Jenny Murphy
Initial assessment may result in onward referral to a specialist (Tier 4) clinic. Referral of a young person with a gender identity disorder or gender dysphoria can be made at any age, if the young person and parents want full assessment and specialised treatment. After further specialist assessment, treatment may be offered in the form of psychological therapies and even pharmacological interventions such as hormone-blockers to suppress puberty. Gender reassignment surgery may be offered after the age of 18.
Identity Process Treatment Model for Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients
Published in Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 2022
Marty A. Cooper, Seojung Jung, Jamie L. Gordon
Despite some differences, all these models include stages of action, including Rachlin’s (1997) stage of acting out to make changes, Ekins’s (1997) third phase of doing male femaling, Devor’s (2004) stages of identity comparisons about transsexualism and transgenderism, and tolerance of transsexual or transgender identity, and Pollock and Eyre’s (2012) stage of social adjustment. Only Lev’s (2004) stage of exploration: transition issues/possible body modification, Lewin’s (1995) surgical reassignment stage, and Devor’s (2004) stage of transition utilize language specific to actions toward making physical changes. In fact, Rachlin’s (1997) stages of gender revelation emphasize a more personalized development of self in which the individual no longer utilizes gender identity as the main characteristic of the inner self, as opposed to gender reassignment surgery (Lev, 2004).
Role of clinical laboratories in reporting results of transgender individuals on hormonal therapy
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2022
Transgender (TG) individuals often use gender-affirming medical interventions to align their physical appearance with their gender identity. The transition process may be social, hormonal therapy or surgical.7,8 With social transition, this might include name changes, voice therapy or changes in gender expression that is noted in public or work areas.7,8 Hormonal intervention is the least invasive and most accessible treatment that can give trans individuals relief from experiencing disconnection between their identity and their body.9 Transitioning is via feminising hormone therapy for the trans female and the therapy includes oestrogen and/or androgen blockers whereas for the trans male masculinising hormonal therapy includes testosterone.1,8 Surgical intervention includes possible changes to primary or secondary sex characteristics such as mastectomy, hysterectomy, orchidectomy, oophorectomy and gender reassignment surgery.9
The Democratization of Facial Feminization Surgery and the Removal of Artificial Barriers
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2018
Dubov and Fraenkel (2018) argue that as a consequence of the labeling of facial feminization surgery (FFS) as cosmetic rather than medically necessary by insurers, those who could benefit from such a procedure, in this case the MtF (male to female) Trans population, have significant unmet health care needs resulting in a greater risk of depression, self-destructive behavior, and suicide. They argue that the dichotomy between the labeling of FFS and other embodiment-affirming interventions that are covered by some insurers, such as gender reassignment surgery (GRS), is in direct contrast to the scientific communities’ understanding of gender dysmorphia and professional guidelines regarding transgender health. They conclude that FFS is a cost-effective intervention that needs to be covered by insurance policies, thereby making it available to many who may need it and reducing the distress associated with their gender incongruence.