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Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Major depression is a disorder of the whole person, affecting bodily functions, behavior, and thoughts as well as emotions. A person does not need to have all the symptoms of depression to be diagnosed with a disorder, but the diagnosis of depression will be more certain with an increasing number and severity of symptoms. The emotional symptoms of depression differ from everyday blues that one may experience from time to time, by their persistent nature and severity of discomfort and despair. The depressed patient may lose interest and pleasure, and is unable to experience joy even in response to most previously pleasurable activities, a symptom referred to as anhedonia. Depressed people experience reduced appetite, they tend to be very fatigued, and have low energy. Abnormal sleep patterns are another hallmark of major depression. About three-quarters of depressed patients have insomnia symptoms, and hypersomnia is present in about 40 percent of young depressed adults and 10 percent of older patients, with preponderance in females. Sleep onset latency is significantly increased, there is little or no deep sleep, and total sleep time reduced. Rapid eye movement (REM) latency is often shortened, and the duration of the first REM period is increased. Early morning awakening also occurs as the depressed person awakens at 3:00 or 4:00 a.m. and cannot get back to sleep, even if feeling very tired, and exhausted (Nutt, Wilson, & Paterson, 2008).
Sleep research recording methods
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
Data collection begins prior to initiating sleep so that ‘sleep onset latency’ (duration to the first epoch scored as a sleep stage) can be quantified. The duration spent asleep is conventionally referred to as ‘total sleep time’ and, within that, the proportion of time spent in each of the sleep stages is individually quantified. Indices of events during sleep (e.g. arousal index, limb movement index) are calculated based on occurrence per hour of total sleep time.
Test Protocols
Published in Ravi Gupta, S. R. Pandi Perumal, Ahmed S. BaHammam, Clinical Atlas of Polysomnography, 2018
Ravi Gupta, S. R. Pandi Perumal, Ahmed S. BaHammam
Start the preparation at least 40-60 min before the patient’s usual bedtime, as preparation may take around 20-30 min. Any deviation from this will cause spuriously long or short sleep onset latency. This may be checked by looking at the data from the patient’s sleep diary
Sleep is something, not nothing: an interprofessional approach to sleep assessment and treatment to support substance use recovery
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Jennifer Gardner, Margaret Swarbrick, Robert H. Kitzinger
Other basic sleep definitions that are of importance to this topic include circadian rhythm, rapid eye movement (REM) vs. non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and sleep onset latency. Circadian rhythm is defined as the physiological 24-hr time pattern of human life, which includes periods of consciousness/alertness and sleep. This pattern is established early in life through consistent patterning of waking/sleeping, therefore is contextual in nature (Meadows et al., 2017). Sleep progresses through predictable stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with the majority of sleep as NREM. Although REM constitutes less time during a sleep cycle, it does involve high brain activity and is associated with restoration. Sleep onset latency is in essence the ‘time from turning off the light to falling asleep,’ or the time it takes to fall asleep from consciousness. These terms will be important to understand to guide professionals when engaging in assessment and intervention.
Hypnotizability May Relate to Interoceptive Ability to Accurately Perceive Sleep Depth: An Exploratory Study
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2022
Maren Jasmin Cordi, Bjoern Rasch
Hypnosis or hypnotic trance is defined as a state of consciousness (Elkins et al., 2015). Long before this latest update on its definition, its phenomenological resemblance to sleep made scientists postulate that the trance state should be regarded as a modification of sleep (Bechterew, 1906). Both states are relaxing, and after both states people are often unable to recollect the episode and have a distorted time perception. Contrary neurophysiological measures rather highlight their differences. First, electrophysiology differs not only between those two states but also all intermittent transitions (Hinterberger et al., 2011). Second, although physical relaxation is common in hypnosis and sleep, hypnosis comprises focused attention (Ng & Lee, 2008). Thus, levels of consciousness highly differ between hypnosis and sleep and of course in contrast to wakefulness. Nevertheless, therapeutic techniques that include hypnosis offer a significant benefit also for the treatment of diverse sleep disorders (for an overview, see Becker, 2015) and are recommended as an adjunctive intervention to cognitive behavioral therapy (Ng & Lee, 2008). Although evidence often includes case studies, their efficacy in reducing Sleep Onset Latency (SOL) has been demonstrated (Anbar & Slothower, 2006; Stanton, 1989).
Stress of life events and anxiety as mediators of the association between insomnia and triglycerides in college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Metabolic risk factors are the precursors to most weight-related chronic diseases. While several studies have reported associations between short duration of sleep and metabolic abnormalities,7–9 research investigating relationships between insomnia and metabolic health is lacking. Although not consistently demonstrated, insomnia symptoms have been associated with increased metabolic risk factors.10,11 However, due to a lack of evidence regarding the relationships between insomnia and cardiometabolic risk,12 the true effect of insomnia on metabolic heath cannot be determined. In addition, insomnia could impact psychosocial functioning. Research has shown positive relationships between insomnia and subjective distress.12 Sleep onset latency is related to increased anxiety,5 and individuals with insomnia are more likely to perceive daily life events as stressors.13 It has been suggested that there is a need to determine the potential psychological mediators of sleep problems and weigh-related risks.14