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Sleep–Wake Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Margaret Kay-Stacey, Eunice Torres-Rivera, Phyllis C. Zee
Treatment is aimed to entrain the circadian rhythm to a 24-hour cycle. For both blind and sighted persons, a multimodal approach using timed structured nonphotic cues, such as social and physical activity, meal timing, and melatonin agonists can strengthen circadian entrainment. Studies with melatonin have used 0.5 mg up to 10 mg at a fixed time at desired sleep onset can entrain circadian rhythms, with low doses possibly being more effective than higher doses. Tasimelteon is a melatonin receptor agonist and the only FDA-approved medication for the treatment of N24SWD. When administered 1 hour prior to the desired bedtime, tasimelteon demonstrated entrainment after 1 month of taking the medication, and 90% were able to maintain entrainment.89 For sighted individuals with N24SWD, there have been a handful of case reports that demonstrated the efficacy of timed light exposure in the morning shortly after awakening, timed melatonin, or combination therapy.90
Neuronal Firing Patterns and Models
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Another type of synchrony may be forced on target cells of inhibitory interneurons. In Figure 8.5a, a single GABAergic interneuron is shown innervating several pyramidal cells. If the inhibition is strong enough and if generated at the somata, it would inhibit the three pyramidal cells, but, at the end of the ipsps, the pyramidal cells will fire in near synchrony (Figure 8.5b). The firing of the target cells following an ipsp can be due to release of inhibition or to rebound depolarization, as mentioned earlier in connection with T-type Ca2+ currents and the Ih current (Section 7.3). The synchronizing action of a single inhibitory interneuron, illustrated in Figure 8.5, is potentiated by the aforementioned synchronized firing of networks of GABAergic interneurons because several interneurons of the same network may converge on a given pyramidal cell, and the synchrony of a network of interneurons will, in turn, synchronize the firing of a larger population of pyramidal cells. The pyramidal cells are thus entrained to fire synchronously at a rate determined by that of the GABAergic network. In general, entrainment is a phenomenon by which some external stimulation synchronizes the firing of a group of neurons at a frequency that is different from any native rhythm that the group of neurons may have.
Entrainment
Published in Sue Binkley, Biological Clocks, 2020
Under most circumstances, our daily rhythms, and those of the plants and animals that share our world, are synchronized, or entrained, by the daily rising and setting of the sun. Daily light provides precise time cues. The topic of entrainment is the one most relevant to your daily life.
The Effect of Rhythm Abilities on Metronome-Cued Walking with an Induced Temporal Gait Asymmetry in Neurotypical Adults
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Lucas D. Crosby, Joyce L. Chen, Jessica A. Grahn, Kara K. Patterson
Human movement and rhythm are intrinsically linked. There is widespread neural connectivity between auditory and motor systems of the brain (Chen et al., 2008), thus auditory perception of a regular rhythm primes the motor system leading to rhythmical movement (Comstock et al., 2018). Through this process, known as entrainment, we can synchronize our movements to the frequency of an externally perceived rhythm. An example of entrainment occurs when one taps their foot to the music’s beat. When the rhythm of the auditory stimulus is regular, we can cognitively infer a beat from the regular sound pattern, synchronize to it by predicting the regular pattern – a uniquely human feat (Levitin et al., 2018). While animals such as cockatiels and macaque monkeys can synchronize to a beat, humans are superior at this task (Zarco et al., 2009) and can even continue the rhythmical movement when the auditory stimulus is removed (Levitin et al., 2018). This inherent auditory-motor entrainment underlies the rationale for prescribing rhythm- and music-based therapeutic approaches for the rehabilitation of motor deficits observed in neurological conditions such as brain injury and stroke.
Temporal features of goal-directed movements change with source, but not frequency, of rhythmic auditory stimuli
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Carrie M. Peters, Cheryl M. Glazebrook
Specifically, there is substantial evidence of neural entrainment to external auditory stimuli. Entrainment describes a process where neural firing will become entrained to the external auditory stimulus (Thaut, 2015; Thaut et al., 2015) and will also continue after stimulus cessation (Lakatos et al., 2013). The idea is that auditory neuron firing is entrained to the rhythmic auditory stimuli, which then entrain motor neurons to prime the motor system (Thaut, 2013). Entrainment effects have been proposed to underlie movement performance improvements in clinical populations (Thaut, 2013). We propose that this stable neural rhythm facilitates better movement planning through better scaling of movement parameters, particularly when visual feedback is unavailable, leading to improved movement execution (Peters & Glazebrook, 2020). Based on this hypothesis, it is possible that increased rhythmic frequency could provide performers with more precise temporal information and allow them to better scale movement parameters, in turn further benefiting movement performance.
Music therapy in pediatric asthma improves pulmonary function while reducing hospitalizations
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Joanne Loewy, Cody Goldsmith, Saarang Deshpande, Alec Sun, Jennifer Harris, Cindy van Es, Zvi Ben- Zvi, Stephen Dahmer
Music therapy (MT) may play a complementary role in the management of asthma. MT is the use of music-based interventions within a therapeutic relationship to accomplish individualized goals (5,6). A common technique employed in MT is entrainment, a process whereby two oscillating systems assume the same periodicity (7–9). Entrainment utilizes musical vibrations, which when specified at variable pitch and tempo, have been shown to alter heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and brain activity (EEG), among other physiological variables (5,10–13). Although apparent with recorded music, entrainment may be further enhanced when a music therapist matches a patient’s physiological rhythm of respiration and gradually alters the pitch, tempo, dynamics, and tonality (14). Breathing, one of the few physiological processes that can be voluntarily controlled (15), is a prime candidate for such MT intervention (12,13). Another technique employed in MT is guided visualization, an exercise in which a person’s imagination is drawn upon to achieve a certain goal, usually relaxation (16). In MT, Remo ocean drums are often utilized in guided visualization to induce a relaxation response with the sound of ocean waves entrained to patients’ respiratory rate. Guided visualization has been shown to reduce anxiety and nausea in patients receiving chemotherapy (16), but there is a paucity of research on its effects in children with asthma.