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Herd Immunity or Suppression Strategy to Combat COVID-19
Published in William C. Cockerham, Geoffrey B. Cockerham, The COVID-19 Reader, 2020
F. Jung, V. Krieger, F.T. Hufert, J.-H. Küpper
This figure clearly shows two findings. The course of the pandemic and the spread of the virus in those countries from day 56 (2020/25/2) until day 124 (2020/5/3). The course of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic in Sweden could be interpreted that a plateau has been reached. However, the further development of the situation remains to be elucidated. In any case, the Swedish health authority Folkha¨lsomyndigheten was wrong when it reported that the most new cases occurred on April 15. That was when the curve had reached its highest point. The further course of the curve indicates an ongoing increase, although the dynamic has slowed down. However, it is possible that a plateau-phase has been reached. In contrast, the cumulative graph of daily infections is still increasing in Sweden while in Germany almost, and more importantly in Taiwan, a plateau seems to be reached since many days (see Figure 11.2).
Neurophysiology of Joints
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
Håkan Johansson, Per Sjölander
During the study from which Figure 8 is taken, the GS muscles were stretched sinusoidally (see also Fig. 9). The sinusoidal stretches were superimposed on the plateau phase (at 2 mm below the maximum physiological length of the muscle) of a ramp-formed stretch. When a muscle is stretched sinusoidally, a sinusoidal response can be recorded from the muscle spindle afferents, and the changes in the sinusoidal response of the spindle afferents can be used to determine the size and character (dynamic or static) of a fusimotor reflex effect. For both controls (without reflex stimulation) and tests (with reflex stimulation), Johansson and coworkers averaged afferent responses to 10 successive sinusoidal stretches of the muscles. Simple sinusoids were fit into the resulting histograms over the control and test responses. The differences (between controls and tests) in mean rate of discharge (fined mean) and in the amplitude of the sinusoids (depth of modulation) were then taken as quantitative estimates of the reflex effects. As in Figures 8 and 10, the change in depth of modulation (ordinate) was plotted against the change in fitted mean (abscissa). In the resulting scatter diagram, the data points for the reflex effects could be compared with reference lines (see Fig. 8 legend) obtained with controlled electrical stimulation of static or dynamic γ-fibers (130,131). This made possible a characterization of the effect as static, dynamic, or mixed.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Ramesh Bhat, Meryl Sonia Rebello
Prognosis: Progression of disease lasts for about 4–5 days. After the acute phase, patients enter a plateau phase, which corresponds to progressive reepithelialization. Complete healing can take a few days to several weeks [7].
Therapeutic issues in Guillain–Barré syndrome
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
The natural history of GBS includes a recovery phase, which is spontaneous but is likely influenced by immunotherapy. As described above, the mortality of GBS is highly influenced by possible access to intensive care including mechanical ventilation [33]. Although disability may be important in the first phase of the disease, about 80% of the people with GBS will be able to walk unaided after 1 year [4]. Otherwise, some authors have suggested that patients with the AMAN subtype have a slower recovery than patients with AIDP [34], but others reported that, although patients with AMAN were more severely affected at Nadir, they had a similar rate of recovery in the long term, but seemed to be less responsive to IVIg [35]. Overall, it became apparent that patients who were more severely affected at the plateau phase had a slower recovery and a poorer long-term prognosis [36].
Pinocembrin ameliorates arrhythmias in rats with chronic ischaemic heart failure
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Yan Guo, Cui Zhang, Tianxin Ye, Xiuhuan Chen, Xin Liu, Xiaoli Chen, Yazhou Sun, Chuan Qu, Jinjun Liang, Shaobo Shi, Bo Yang
Various ion currents affect the plateau phase, which provides a substrate for VAs. The plateau phase is a period of high membrane resistance, and during which small changes in current can easily upset the balance. Ito has a significant effect on the level of plateau and subsequently on all of the currents, which are activated later in the APD [19]. The functional decline of the transient outward K+ (Ito) is a recurring theme in failing ventricular myocardium. Moreover, Ito is regulated by neurohumoral mechanisms, and the stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors significantly reduces the current amplitude of Ito. The changes in ICa-L also contribute to electrical instability. In human CIHF, intracellular Ca2+and the APD are intricately bound through ICa-L, a reduction expression and increment phosphorylation of Cav1.2 both leading to positive Ca2+-APD coupling [20]. Abnormal ICa-L cause calcium oscillations and DADs mediated VAs. Our results showed that the expression of Cav.1.2 and Kv4.2 was markedly increased after the treatment with pinocembrin.
Return to work after mild-to-moderate stroke: work satisfaction and predictive factors
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2019
Jet van der Kemp, Willeke J. Kruithof, Tanja C. W. Nijboer, Coen A. M. van Bennekom, Caroline van Heugten, Johanna M. A. Visser-Meily
However, a large proportion of such patients return to work to a very limited degree (O’Brien & Wolf, 2010; van Velzen et al., 2009a), even though they are considered to be the group with the best chances of good outcome in rehabilitation. A similar phenomenon can be seen in our study sample, where only about half of our mild-to-moderate stroke patients worked the same number of hours as they did pre-stroke. This is alarming for two reasons. First, our study population comprised only mild and moderate stroke patients (mean NIHSS, 2.3; mean BI, 18.2; mean MoCA, 25.3); 86.8% of the participants had an NIHSS score of < 6 and are thus considered mild stroke patients (Edwards, Hahn, Baum, & Dromerick, 2006). These mild stroke patients are hardly provided with medical follow-up, and are presumed to continue with life, including their professional life, as it was pre-stroke (Boosman, Visser-meily, & Post, 2013; Edwards et al., 2006; Fride et al., 2015). Our study shows that this is not always the case. Secondly, it is generally assumed that a plateau phase in recovery is reached approximately six months post-stroke, including body functions and activities (Langhorne, Bernhardt, & Kwakkel, 2011) as well as quality of life (van Mierlo et al., 2016). Hence, the percentage of our study sample returning to work will probably not increase much during the subsequent years, unless external factors, such as adaptation of tasks, stability and structure of the work environment, and professional support, can be modified in such a way as to realise reintegration into an adequately adapted work place (Frostad Liaset & Lorås, 2016).