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Melatonin and Serotonin in Plant Morphogenesis and Development
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Lauren A.E. Erland, Praveen K. Saxena
Melatonin and serotonin treatment have also been associated with less conventional means of morphogenesis, such as somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryo production was found to be promoted in response to melatonin and serotonin treatment in coffee (Coffea canephoora Pierre ex Froehn.) This is of special interest due to the connection between TDZ (a potent inducer of somatic embryogenesis) and melatonin and serotonin suggested by Murch et al. (2004) and Jones et al. (2007) (see previous paragraph). If TDZ functions even partially by modifying the melatonin–serotonin balance, this may lead to an interesting new role for melatonin and serotonin.
In Vitro Plant Regeneration, Comparative Biochemical and Antioxidant Potential of Calli and Seeds of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Medicinal Plants, 2018
Krishnamoorthy Vinothini, Masilamani Sri Devi, Sudharshan Sekar, Blassan P. George, Heidi Abrahamse, Bettine van Vuuren, Arjun Pandian
Plant tissue culture is a technique of culturing plant cells, tissues and organs on synthetic medium under an aseptic environment and controlled conditions of light, temperature and humidity. There has been an increasing interest in developing in vitro propagation techniques for establishing multipurpose clones of selected plants from within highly variable natural populations (Sinha 2000). Plant tissue culture technology holds great promise for micropropagation, conservation and enhancement of the natural levels of valuable secondary plant products and to meet pharmaceutical demands (Harisaranraj et al. 2009). Accumulation of phytohormones to the culture medium redirects the growth and differentiation of somatic cells (Skoog and Miller 1957; Arjun 2011). Novel cell production and isolation in cultured plant cells can arise in two diverse developmental pathways of organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis (Arjun 2011).
Horticultural Management of Syzygium cumini
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
S. K. Tewari, Devendra Singh, R. C. Nainwal
There are several methods of culturing plant tissues, such as meristem culture, embryo culture, callus culture, protoplast culture, and cell culture. Yadav et al. (1990) induced multiple shoots from nodal and shoot tip segments of 10- to 15-day-old seedlings of S. cumini on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with β-alanine (BA) singly and in combination with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), IAA, or IBA. Excised shoots were placed for root induction on MS medium containing NAA or IBA and then transferred to MS basal medium to form complete plantlets. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred to the soil. Roy et al. (1996a,b) induced multiple shoots from nodal explants of 10-year-old elite trees and also from in vitro proliferated shoots of S. cumini on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg kinetin/L. Repeated subculture resulted in rapid shoot multiplication at an average of 10 shoots per subculture. Jain and Babbar (2000) obtained multiple shoots from the epicotyl segments bearing scaly leaves, excised from in vitro–grown seedlings of S. cumini, on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA. On average, 8.6 shoots per explant were produced in 60 days after inoculation, following transfer to fresh medium after 30 days. The shoots were excised and the residual explants were transferred to fresh medium, where they developed shoots again. Thus, a protocol was developed to raise plants of S. cumini at any time in the year. Somatic embryogenesis has also been found to be successful for multiplication of jamun plants.
Proteomics and plant biology: contributions to date and a look towards the next decade
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Plant Biology research has been and is, to a great extent, investigated by using the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana, and its proteome is the one best characterized among the plant species [31]. Investigations with Arabidopsis and generated knowledge should be taken as a guide for other plants of interest such as crops (food, feed, and industrial ones), medicinal herbs, forest trees, and other environmentally relevant species. The identification and characterization of conserved genes and the corresponding proteins implicated in different biological processes and traits of interest can be extrapolated to other plant systems for improvement and breeding programs, as is the case of somatic embryogenesis induction in woody species [32].
Echinacea biotechnology: advances, commercialization and future considerations
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Jessica L. Parsons, Stewart I. Cameron, Cory S. Harris, Myron L. Smith
In vitro micropropagation techniques, such as adventitious root and shoot culture, and somatic embryogenesis, can produce hundreds of clonal plants from cuttings of a parent plant. Abbasi et al. (2007a) provide a thorough review of micropropagation techniques in Echinacea, all of which allow for more consistent secondary metabolite profiles associated with isogenic lines, year round cultivation and reduction of microbial contamination. Micropropagation can also be used to create plants having unique phytochemical profiles by culturing different parts of a parent plant. For example, shoots regenerated from E. angustifolia flower stalks have proportionately higher content of CADs compared to shoots generated from leaf explants (Lucchesini et al. 2009). Somatic embryogenesis by tissue culture, and to a lesser extent organogenesis, can induce genetic changes (Chuang et al. 2009) – a phenomenon called somaclonal variation. Micropropagation has been accomplished with E. purpurea, E. pallida, E. angustifolia and E. tennesseensis where, as expected, clonal plants have similar phytochemical profiles, showing only minor somaclonal variation (Abbasi et al. 2007a; Moraes et al. 2011; Butiuc-Keul et al. 2012 for additional studies). Although micropropagation provides a rapid way to generate plants, the process is still time consuming and labour intensive. These limitations are likely why, despite the popularity of herbal medicines, commercial production of Echinacea rarely employs cell culture techniques (Baque et al. 2012). In order to make tissue culture methods viable at industrial scales, bioreactors are considered an alternative culturing strategy. In addition to simpler technologies, one of the newer strategies is to use temporary immersion systems (TISs), where tissues are briefly bathed in nutrient medium then drained at specified intervals daily. Such bioreactor systems are modular and can mass produce clonal materials in the range of hundreds to tens of thousands of plants, making them suitable for use in genetic improvement programs.