China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Renal, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Functions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Embryonic development of the kidney depends on time-related reciprocal inductive signals between mesenchymal and epithelial progenitor tissues [1,2]. The urinary system is a component of the “urogenital system,” and is anatomically associated with genital development. Kidney development in humans begins early during embryonic life (weeks 5–6 of gestation), and progresses through three developmental stages: pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros, to the end of gestation. The early patterning of the kidney region depends on interactions between the Pax/Eya/Six genes, with essential roles also played by lim1, Odd1, and Wnt genes. Ureteric bud outgrowth and branching morphogenesis are controlled by the Ret/Gdnf pathway, which is under positive and negative regulation by a variety of factors. After birth, the kidneys continue to mature, and by 2 years of age, they are similar to the adult kidneys in their capacity for regulating body water and for ensuring waste elimination. During childhood, the kidneys grow in size and reach a near-adult size of 10 cm in diameter by 12 years of age; the bladder also continues to grow up to this age.
Approaches to Studying Polycystic Kidney Disease in Zebrafish
Published in Jinghua Hu, Yong Yu, Polycystic Kidney Disease, 2019
Regardless of the simple structure and quick development of the zebrafish pronephros, the function of the kidney as well as the molecular mechanisms of the kidney development and diseases, especially PKD, are quite conserved between zebrafish and mammals. On the one hand, disease-causal genes in PKD patients also lead to PKD in zebrafish when mutated. On the other hand, PKD-causal genes first identified in zebrafish, except for primary cilia dyskinesia (PCD) genes, also lead to the clinical discovery that they also lead to PKD in humans when mutated. Thus, the zebrafish provides an excellent vertebrate model to study PKD.
Urology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Renal dysplasia and scarring is best assessed by a DMSA isotope scan (Fig. 22.8). Since the advent of routine antenatal ultrasound scanning it has become clear that about 60% of ‘renal scars’ in newborns ascertained to have VUR are the result of abnormal kidney development rather than secondary to infection.
Fetal Tethered Spinal Cord: Diagnostic Features and Its Association with Congenital Anomalies
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Xiaomei Yang, Shiyu Sun, Yizheng Ji, Yasong Xu, Li Sun, Qichang Wu
Fetal pathological examination demonstrated low-lying conus medullaris in all 26 cases. Among them, 22 cases had prenatal ultrasound results indicating low-lying conus medullaris. According to the results of the pathological examination, four cases (4/26, 15.4%) were diagnosed with solitary TSC, and 22 cases (22/26, 84.6%) were non-solitary TSC. Among the 22 cases of non-solitary TSC, nine cases (9/26, 34.6%) were combined with neural tube malformations, and 13 cases (13/26, 50.0%) were combined with multisystem congenital malformations. In the nine neural tube malformation combined cases, four cases were combined with spina bifida occulta, four cases were combined with spina bifida aperta, and one case was combined with severe hydrocephalus. Among the 13 TSC cases with combined multisystem congenital malformations, two cases were diagnosed with combined kidney development abnormalities, four cases were diagnosed with vertebral defects, anal anomalies, cardiac defects, trachea-oesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb anomalies (VACTERL) syndrome, one case was diagnosed with cloacal exstrophy (OEIS syndrome), and six cases were diagnosed with fetal chromosomal karyotype abnormality (Table 1).
Advances in understanding vertebrate nephrogenesis
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Joseph M. Chambers, Rebecca A. Wingert
Vertebrate development entails the formation of three germ layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, which provide cellular blueprints for embryonic organogenesis. Ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system and skin cells, and endoderm derivatives encompass cells that line the respiratory and digestive tracts. The mesoderm, or middle layer, produces cells that are most abundant in the human body constituting skeletal muscle, cartilage, heart, gonads, and blood, among other tissue types.1 This review will focus on a member of the mesoderm lineage: the kidney. Much of our understanding about kidney development stems from rodent models, but also has benefited from studies in other vertebrates such as fish, frogs, and birds.2The inception of mesoderm development begins with the differentiation of pluripotent epiblast cells into a transient ‘primitive streak’ zone.1Position along the anterior-posterior embryonic axis and other instructive signals regulate the regionalization of paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm.3
A novel role of HIF-1α/PROX-1/LYVE-1 axis on tissue regeneration after renal ischaemia/reperfusion in mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Nephron formation is an important stage of kidney development in neonates. In adults, the number of nephrons in the kidney is consistent. Once kidney function is lost, it can only be partially recovered (Hartman et al.2007, Humphreys et al.2008). To date, the source of progenitor cells, the associated-cooperation procedure, and signal transduction for renal tissue repair remain controversial. It is worthwhile to study these signals in kidney development and apply the information in therapeutic strategies of repair renal injury or disease. Several critical factors have been noted recently. First, prospero homeobox-1 (PROX-1) is a transcriptional factor for embryonic morphogenesis and it regulates the formation and development of organs (Elsir et al.2012). Specifically, it reportedly is required in the development of the lymphatic vascular system (Wigle and Oliver 1999, Wigle et al.2002), regulates hepatocyte growth (Sosa-Pineda et al.2000, Wilting et al.2002), and involves in the development of cardiac size (Risebro et al.2009) In addition, PROX-1 reportedly regulates the thin limb cell fate in kidney and prolongs the expression of the renal papilla and maturation of the Henle’s loop (Kim et al.2015).