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Adipose Tissue (Adipokinome), Skeletal Muscle (Myokinome), and Liver (Hepatokinome) as Endocrine Regulators During Exercise
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Logan K. Townsend, Greg L. McKie, Hesham Shamshoum, David C. Wright
FST was discovered in ovarian follicular fluid and was primarily studied in relation to reproductive physiology (92). FST gets its name because it has the ability to suppress secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. FST is expressed in various tissues, including the pituitary gland, ovary, testis, and skeletal muscle (2), but the liver has recently been identified as the main source of circulating FST (44).
Principles of Pathophysiology of Infertility Assessment and Treatment*
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Joseph G. Schenker, Aby Lewin, Menashe Ben-David
Most of the abundant developing primordial follicles in the ovaries undergo atresia unless they receive stimulation by the pituitary gonadotropin FSH. The rise in plasma FSH observed in the waning days of the previous luteal phase and at the beginning of the menstrual cycle activates and prevents atresia of some of the developing primordial follicles. The first follicle able to respond to FSH stimulation may achieve an early lead that it never relinquishes. Thus, once growth is initiated, the granulosa cells undergo proliferation and the theca layer begins to organize from the surrounding stroma. Steroidogenesis also is stimulated by action of FSH. Granulosa cells can synthesize all three steroids progestins, androgens, and estrogens. The conversion of androgens to estrogens is induced by the aromatizing enzymes, which are induced by action of FSH. Another action of FSH is that in conjunction with estradiol there is stimulation of synthesis of further receptors of FSH. Such synergistic action of FSH and estradiol can be achieved both in vivo and in vitro. Under this synergistic action of estradiol and FSH, there is an increase of follicular fluid production and accumulation and formation of antral follicle.
Omics and female reproduction
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
The follicular fluid (FF) is the in vivo microenvironment in which the oocyte develops, containing metabolites excreted by the oocytes and granulosa cells that are essential for follicular growth and oocyte maturation. The metabolic profile of the oocyte's FF is theoretically supposed to reflect the oocyte quality and correlate with the reproductive potential of the embryo. Studies are still controversial regarding spectroscopic analysis of metabolites to predict implantation, due to numerous limitations including mixture of FF with flushing medium containing its own metabolites, contamination of FF from the previously aspirated follicle, and the need for single embryo transfer in order to correlate the metabolic analysis of the FF with the oocyte that results in embryo implantation (22–24).
Updates in diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome-related infertility
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Hélio Haddad-Filho, Jéssica A. G. Tosatti, Fernanda M. Vale, Karina B. Gomes, Fernando M. Reis
Disrupted ovarian steroidogenesis with acyclic, excess androgen (testosterone and androstenedione) production and bioavailability are major characteristics related to PCOS. Elevated serum androgen levels and/or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism are present in 60 to 100 percent of the women with PCOS, depending on the diagnostic criteria [17,19]. The androgen excess is in part a consequence of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and increased insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, as well as increased LH pulsatility, but it may also be genetically determined [51] and therefore be the initial trigger of the syndrome. Furthermore, the increased androgen levels within the ovary may hinder follicle development, dominance and ovulation [8,52]. In addition, systemic problems such as dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation can result in altered molecular profiles in the ovarian follicular fluid (FF). Thus, the molecular signatures of PCOS in ovarian cells and FF are useful to raise new hypotheses and possibly uncover mechanisms that cause and/or maintain some core features of the syndrome.
The Kisspeptin and Kisspeptin receptor in follicular microenvironment: is that really necessary for oocyte maturation and fertilisation?
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Goktan Kuspinar, Cihan Cakır, Isıl Kasapoglu, Seda Saribal, Barbaros Oral, Ferah Budak, Gurkan Uncu, Berrin Avcı
The follicular fluid contains various hormones and cytokines which regulates the relationships with oocyte maturity. There are reports that oocyte maturity correlates significantly with growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and oestradiol (E2) concentrations in the follicular fluid (Taniguchi et al. 2017). Oestradiol and progesterone (P4) concentrations in the follicular fluid are significantly higher when mature oocyte is present. Moreover the correlation between the serum E2 level, number of matured eggs and the concentration of kisspeptin in the follicular fluid also supported the association between oocyte maturation and kisspeptin level in follicular fluid (Rehman et al. 2020; Taniguchi et al. 2017). However, there has not been any report on the concentration of KISS1 and KISS1R in a follicular fluid and KISS1 and KISS1R gene expression levels in cumulus cells surroundings only one oocyte, the effects on oocyte maturation and fertilisation status. The most important advantage of this study is the evaluation the effect on oocyte maturation and fertilisation by concentration of KISS1 and KISS1R in a follicular fluid and KISS1 and KISS1R gene expression levels in cumulus cells surroundings only one oocyte.
The association between thrombophilic genes alterations and poor ovarian response in infertile women: a retrospective case-control study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Parnaz Borjian Boroujeni, Mohammad Reza Zamanian, Javad Roodgar Saffari, Anahita Mohseni Meybodi
Our results showed the significant association between the FVL heterozygote mutation and poor ovarian response in patients. It is suggested that more studies with a larger sample size should be carried out to validate the findings to estimate the influence of mentioned polymorphism in these kinds of patients. It is believed that a decreased number of follicles and poor response to ovarian stimulation are hallmarks of ovarian aging (Ata et al. 2019). A previous study in Dutch women showed that women who carried the FVL G1691A polymorphism had earlier menopause than those with two wild-type alleles. However, the difference was not statistically significant. They stated that this mutation can be one of the genetic factors of menopausal age operating through a vascular mechanism (van Asselt et al. 2003). They also hypothesised that FVL mutation was accountable for a decreased factor Va inactivation, resulting in reduced inhibition of prothrombin (van Asselt et al. 2003). Furthermore, it is stated that the possibility of premature ischaemic stroke in women carriers of the FVL mutation is further than male carriers. This suggests that this genotype can interact with female sex hormones. Oestrogens are known to further reduce the inactivation rate of factor Va, which could explain the interaction with sex. Oestrogen levels in the follicular fluid increase in each menstrual cycle. Accordingly, the effect of oestrogen and FVL interaction must be most observed locally in/near the ovaries.