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Preterm Prelabor Rupture Of Membranes
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Anna Locatelli, Sara Consonni, Annalisa Inversetti
Several techniques have been developed in an attempt to artificially reseal the fetal membranes and prevent leakage of amniotic fluid. These include intraamniotic injection of platelets and cryoprecipitate (amniopatch), sealing the cervical canal [139]. Compared to spontaneous PPROM, iPPROM is not only a different entity etiologically but also has a better response to therapeutic measures. One report demonstrated successful membrane sealing for persistent oligohydramnios after amniocentesis and fetoscopy in seven women, using intraamniotic injection of platelets and cryoprecipitate through a 22-gauge needle [140].
Normal physiology of pregnancy
Published in Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period, 2021
Rawan El-Amin, Loren Custer, Jennifer Silk
Increases in cortisol levels are caused by increased corticosteroid-releasing hormone (CRH). Outside of pregnancy, CRH is only produced by the hypothalamus. In pregnancy, it is also produced by the placenta and fetal membranes. Increased CRH signals the anterior pituitary to increase adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal glands. Increases in other adrenal hormones including aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone also occur.1
Regulation of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade and PAF Metabolism in Reproductive Tissues
Published in Murray D. Mitchell, Eicosanoids in Reproduction, 2020
John M. Johnston, Noriei Maki, Marlane J. Angle, Dennis R. Hoffman
An additional tissue source is the fetal membranes. When the total glycerophospholipid or individual phospholipid fractions from amnion tissues obtained either before or after early labor were compared using phosphate analysis, no statistical difference was observed.16,23 However, examination of the arachidonic acid content of the glycerophospholipid fractions obtained before the onset of labor (Figure 1) revealed that over 45% of the arachidonic acid was present in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction and of this fraction, greater than 75% of the arachidonic acid was present in ethanolamine plasmalogen23 (i.e., phosphatidylethanolamine in which the acyl ester bond at the sn-1 position is replaced by an alkenyl ether bond). This finding is in agreement with the histochemical observations that the dark cells of amnion tissue stained intensely with the plasmal stain.24 This staining procedure is indicative of the presence of plasmalogens due to the release of aldehyde from the sn-1 position following acid treatment.
Association of Placental Pathologic Findings with the Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm infants – A Matched Case-Control Study
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Parvesh Mohan Garg, Jaslyn L. Paschal, Md Abu Yusuf Ansari, Lauren Billington, Jennifer Ware, Kristin Adams, Youssef Al Hamda, Adebamike Oshunbade, Charles R. Rosenfeld, Imran N. Mir
A board-certified pediatric pathologist routinely examined placentas from all preterm births at our institute for gross and histologic findings. The umbilical cord, membranes, and placental disk were inspected for any gross abnormalities. The placenta was weighed after removing the umbilical cord, fetal membranes, and non-adherent blood clots. Placentas weighing below the 10th percentile for estimated GA were considered small for GA, and those weighing >90th percentile for GA were considered large for GA [13]. The placental disk was then serially sectioned at 1–2-cm intervals and examined for intraparenchymal lesions. Representative sections of the umbilical cord, fetal membranes, placental parenchyma, and any abnormalities seen on gross examination were submitted for standard histological examination.
Prolactin Protects the Structural Integrity of Human Fetal Membranes by Downregulating Inflammation-induced Secretion of Matrix Metalloproteinases
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Pilar Flores-Espinosa, Andrea Olmos-Ortíz, Martha Granados-Cepeda, Braulio Quesada-Reyna, Rodrigo Vega-Sánchez, Pilar Velázquez, Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
Fetal membranes act as an immunological and physical barrier between the fetal and maternal compartments (Menon et al. 2019). This non-vascularized tissue is comprised by the amnion (in intimal contact with the fetus) and chorion (in intimal contact with maternal decidua) connected by a framework of extracellular matrix (ECM) composed mainly by collagen, and proteoglycans, which are embedded in fibrous proteins that support the physical and mechanical stress of a growing fetus (Bryant-Greenwood 1998). During pregnancy, the ECM of these tissues is in a turnover homeostatic processes; however, as a part of the mechanisms of normal and pathological delivery, there is an increase in the degradation rate of the ECM that triggers the separation of the chorion and amnion, distension and herniation of the amnion, and finally, rupture of membranes (Richardson et al. 2017).
Advances in the tools and techniques of vitreoretinal surgery
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2020
Ashish Markan, Aman Kumar, Jayesh Vira, Vishali Gupta, Aniruddha Agarwal
Human amniotic membrane (hAM) has been used for decades in ocular surface surgeries [65]. It is the innermost layer of the fetal membrane. Amniotic membrane induces RPE cell proliferation and differentiation. hAM has been successfully used to repair retinal breaks and recurrent macular holes [66]. hAM can be placed in subretinal space under perfluorocarbon liquid without laser retinopexy. Postoperatively, studies have shown that hAM stimulated retinal ingrowth, and promoted hole closure. Macular hole closure was achieved without any gliosis,which could otherwise affect the postoperative visual acuity. Amniotic membrane helps in RPE integration into subretinal space.The growth factors produced by amniotic membrane can induce retinal growth and differentiation with retinal activity increase [67,68].