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Cancer of the Corpus Uteri
Published in Jennifer L. Kelsey, Nancy G. Hildreth, Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Epidemiology, 2019
Jennifer L. Kelsey, Nancy G. Hildreth
Use of compounds containing both estrogens and progestogen does not appear to be associated with an increased risk.87,99 In Finland, where compounds with estriol or estradiol have generally been used rather than conjugated estrogens, no association between estrogens and endometrial cancer has been found, suggesting that it is only conjugated estrogens that are carcinogenic in the endometrium.100 In the U.S., where only a small percentage of women use estrogens other than the conjugated form for replacement therapy, the results of studies which have considered risks in users of other types of estrogens have been equivocal.53,65,85,86 For instance, use of diethylstilbestrol (DES) for estrogen replacement therapy does seem to be associated with increased risk,53,86 and there have been several case reports of associations between stilbestrol use by patients with gonadal dysgenesis and subsequent development of endometrial cancer at an early age.101–104 However, the possibility that gonadal dysgenesis itself predisposes to endometrial cancer cannot be ruled out in these studies. Thus, the question as to which types of estrogens cause endometrial cancer has at present not been fully resolved.
Mobile DNA Sequences and Their Possible Role in Evolution
Published in S. K. Dutta, DNA Systematics, 2019
Georgii P. Georgiev, Yurii V. Ilyin, Alexei P. Ryskov, Tatiana I. Gerasimova
At the moment, two hybrid dysgenesis systems in D. melanogaster are known. The second systems is the I-R (inducer-receptor) system. The active factor in this system is an I-element, a sequence 5.4 kb long, which has been cloned and is now under investigation.190 It also possibly encodes transposase activity. Several other elements which act in a similar way may exist in D. melanogaster and other eukaryotes. The existence of the strains containing or not containing P-elements or other similar elements creates the possibility of hybrid dysgenesis. Obviously dysgenesis should be especially frequent at the border between different population areals.
Variation of sex differentiation
Published in Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
Anne-Marie Amies Oelschlager, Margarett Shnorhavorian
The clinical diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis includes either the complete failure of the gonads to differentiate into a functional ovary or testes, or partial differentiation with premature cessation of hormonal function. The cessation may occur in utero or prior to puberty; although some individuals may partially progress through puberty, they have early onset gonadal insufficiency.
Short stature in small-for-gestational-age offspring born to mothers with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Published in Hypertension in Pregnancy, 2023
Sakurako Mishima, Takashi Mitsui, Kazumasa Tani, Jota Maki, Eriko Eto, Kei Hayata, Yosuke Washio, Junko Yoshimoto, Hirokazu Tsukahara, Hisashi Masuyama
In this study, sex differences were observed between the catch-up and non-catch-up groups at 3 years of age. We found that the male sex was a risk factor for catch-up growth failure at 3 years of age. Reese et al. showed that the independent factors contributing to the incidence of extrauterine dysgenesis are male sex, the need for 1-day-old assisted ventilation, a history of necrotizing enterocolitis, the need for respiratory assistance at 28 days of age, and in-hospital administration of steroids (29). Moreover, it was reported that the female offspring with FGR born to women with HDP caught up faster than the male offspring, suggesting the presence of a sex difference in the risk of future obesity in offspring born to women with HDP (30). Vatten et al. reported that the female offspring born to women with preeclampsia had a significantly higher body weight, body mass index, and blood pressure at 13–19 years of age than those born to women without preeclampsia (31). It was also reported that although the female offspring born to women with preeclampsia had a higher body mass index and larger waist circumference than those born to women with normal pregnancies, no difference was recorded in the male offspring (32). Therefore, male sex at birth from women with HDP may be a risk factor for failure of catch-up growth, while female sex at birth from women with HDP may be a risk factor for obesity and hypertension in adulthood.
Silver nanoparticles suppress forskolin-induced syncytialization in BeWo cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Yuji Sakahashi, Kazuma Higashisaka, Ryo Isaka, Rina Izutani, Jiwon Seo, Atsushi Furuta, Akemi Yamaki-Ushijima, Hirofumi Tsujino, Yuya Haga, Akitoshi Nakashima, Yasuo Tsutsumi
A great many people, regardless of age or gender, readily use products that contain nanoparticles, and all of us may be unintentionally exposed to these materials. It is therefore essential to assess the biological effects of nanoparticles in people, such as pregnant women, who are vulnerable to chemicals. In this regard, we showed previously that a proportion of the nanoparticles to which pregnant mice were exposed could reach the placenta and induce fetal dysgenesis (Yamashita et al. 2011; Higashisaka et al. 2018). However, it remains unclear how nanoparticles affect placentation. The successful establishment of placentation is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy, leading to well-being of fetuses (Nakashima et al. 2021). Given that structural and functional abnormalities of the placenta lead to poor pregnancy outcomes (Wan Masliza et al. 2017; Berceanu et al. 2018), there is a need to understand the effects of nanoparticles on placentation and subsequent pregnancy.
Premature ovarian insufficiency: an International Menopause Society White Paper
Published in Climacteric, 2020
N. Panay, R. A. Anderson, R. E. Nappi, A. J. Vincent, S. Vujovic, L. Webber, W. Wolfman
Genetic mutations in the X chromosome, such as in BMP-15 and DIAPH2, and autosomal defects in genes such as GDF9, ESR 1, NOBOX, FSHR, LHR, FSH, inhibin A, GALT, AIRE, NOGGIN, POLG (mitochondrial diseases), CYP19A1, FOXL2 (associated with blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicanthus inversus syndrome), FOXO3, and steroidogenic factor 1 are rare causes of POI. Some rare mutations may be associated with neurologic, syndromic, and increased cancer risk and have POI as one aspect. Examples are ataxia telangiectasia (associated with cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasias, oculomotor dysfunction, and immunodeficiency), and Bloom (short stature, distinctive skin rashes, and premature aging) and Perrault (sensorineural hearing impairment and ovarian dysgenesis) syndromes18. The presence of other phenotypic abnormalities in association with POI should prompt referral to a genetic counselor for consideration of additional genetic testing18.