China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fetal programming
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Katherine E. Pelch, Jana L. Allison, Susan C. Nagel
Altered fetal serum estrogen has been associated with fetal programming and altered risk of adult disease (Table 1). It is known that adult estrogen exposure is associated with endometriosis and breast cancer. Conditions associated with increased fetal exposure to estrogens are also associated with an increased risk of endometriosis and breast cancer in adulthood. Daughters whose mothers took the synthetic estrogen DES during pregnancy have an 80% increased risk of endometriosis and up to 300% increased risk of breast cancer (58,71). Dizygotic twins, who have two placentas, circulate 60% to 80% higher levels of estradiol than singletons (75). Dizygotic twins subsequently have approximately 70% increased risk of endometriosis and 50% increased risk of breast cancer in adulthood (58,72). Monozygotic twins do not have an increased risk ofbreast cancer, suggesting that it is not being a twin that raises the risk but having two placentas (72). In addition, maternal estrogen concentrations are positively associated with maternal age and offspring birth weight, and breast cancer risk is also positively associated with maternal age and birth weight (reviewed in 72). High ponderal index at birth is associated with increased circulating estradiol in adulthood (76).
Assisted conception
Published in David J Cahill, Practical Patient Management in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
The management of multiple pregnancies and their complications is a specialised clinical area, generating research, conferences and textbooks dedicated to the topic. Even the least complicated multiple pregnancy, dizygotic twins, carries more risk of complications and poor outcome than singleton pregnancies. All multiple pregnancies have a high risk of preterm birth (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.62–1.77), caesarean delivery (RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.13–1.17) and pre-eclampsia (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11–1.22) (69). Low gestational age at delivery is associated with poorer outcomes, either increased mortality or long-term morbidity – bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic lung disease, severe visual impairment resulting from retinopathy of prematurity, hearing impairment, cerebral palsy and cognitive developmental delay. Figure 8.4 provides an illustrative summary of the data from the EPICure study, showing mortality associated with premature delivery and consequently expectations for survival (70).
The pregnant woman, childbirth, and multiple pregnancies
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Ordinary brothers and sisters share the experience of having come from the same uterus, though at different times. Like ordinary brothers and sisters, dizygotic twins come from different fertilized eggs and develop in the same uterus, but the twins happen to occupy the uterus at the same time. Although sharing a birthday, dizygotic twins are no more similar genetically than ordinary brothers and sisters. They may or may not be of the same sex and do not resemble each other (physically or behaviorally) any more than ordinary brothers and sisters do.
Health Disparities by Sexual Orientation: Implications of Genetic and Environmental Explanations
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2023
It has been known for some time that same-sex sexuality is genetically influenced. Literature reviews have documented that same-sex sexuality runs in families (Bailey et al., 2016; Rosario & Schrimshaw, 2014). The comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins has uncovered the extent of the genetic influence (Långström et al., 2010; Oginni, Jern et al., 2022; Oginni et al., 2020; Zietsch et al., 2012). Recently, a genome-wide association study identified the autosomal loci of those with a history of same-sex behavior (Ganna et al., 2019). This research indicated that multiple genes may account for same-sex sexuality. It also indicated that the implicated genes may vary by sex.1Herein, sex refers to biological sex, as are the nouns women and men, and the adjectives female or male. This area of investigation also has implicated mental health.
Evaluation of IL1B rs1143634 and IL6 rs1800796 Polymorphisms with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Turkish Children
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Kubra Cigdem Pekkoc Uyanik, Aysel Kalayci Yigin, Burak Dogangun, Mehmet Seven
The study group consists of 179 individuals. The cases (n = 95) were 2–10 years old children diagnosed with ASD from Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine (CMF) Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. The cases were diagnosed as ASD according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) and screened the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) scale. Eleven cases had a family history of autism. In the case group, there were 2 pairs of siblings, one of which were dizygotic twins. Patients were excluded from the study if their primary diagnosis was not ASD and if they had a history of neurologic or medical disorder that would affect their neuropsychologic functions. Age-matched, unrelated healthy controls (n = 84) were selected from the Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, CMF, Department of Pediatrics.
Transabdominal fetal reduction: a report of 124 cases
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Mi Sun Kim, Sukho Kang, Youngri Kim, Ji Yeon Kang, Myoung Jin Moon, Min Jung Baek
The significant increases in perinatal morbidity and mortality appear to be directly related to the number of fetuses. The risk of extreme preterm birth (gestational weeks 20–27) ranged from 1.1% for a singleton delivery to 3.3% for twins and 12.3% for triplets. The risk of very preterm birth (28–32 weeks) is increased by almost 5-fold for twins and 20-fold for triplets (Kupka et al. 2014; Anon 2017). In dizygotic twins discordant for genetic or congenital anomalies, such as major anatomical malformations and chromosomal anomalies, the anomaly is confined to one fetus and the co-twin is normal in nearly 85% of cases (Gedikbasi et al. 2010). Twin gestations with fetal genetic or congenital anomalies are at a significantly increased risk for preterm delivery and can be potentially life-threatening to the co-twin (Nassar et al. 2000; Egan et al. 2014).