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Limb trauma
Published in Ian Greaves, Military Medicine in Iraq and Afghanistan, 2018
Early failure of external fixation was identified by Clasper and Phillips38 in a small series of patients treated in 2003 during the Iraq conflict. The series was of 15 patients, of whom 86.7% required early revision or removal due to complications. Instability occurred in 67% of fixators, with particular problems being noted with bridging fixators across the knee and femoral fixators. However, it must be stated that external fixators have hugely improved since this early experience. The current UK external fixator of choice is the Hoffman III device®, manufactured by Stryker®, which allows for 360 degrees of freedom when applied, hugely increasing its versatility. The Schantz pins are self-drilling and self-tapping, and the system has the ability to connect the bar directly to the pin using a quick coupling device. The original Centrifix® device had significant problems with initial pin insertion, pre-drilling was required, it allowed only unilateral fixation configurations, had poor bar strength and thus delivered extremely limited fixation arrangements. It was removed from service in 2005, although some packs remained available until later in the Iraq conflict.
The Anopheles vector
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
Mike W Service, Harold Townson
The abdomen has eight visible segments, which, unlike those of culicine mosquitoes, are mostly devoid of scales. The last segment terminates in a pair of small, finger-like cerci in females, and in males a pair of prominent claspers that are used to seize females during mating.
Legacy environmental polychlorinated biphenyl contamination attenuates the acute stress response in a cartilaginous fish, the Round Stingray
Published in Stress, 2019
Kady Lyons, Katherine E. Wynne-Edwards
Since matrotrophic histotrophy is an energetically demanding process, and increases as embryos develop, we first determined if pregnancy had an effect on measured parameters in baseline females. Previous research (Lyons & Wynne-Edwards, 2018) demonstrated temporal asynchrony between the sites/populations sampled and established a developmental marker (clasper days) by which to align females. Clasper days are defined as days relative to the appearance of clasper organs in male embryos (i.e. external sexual differentiation) and were used here as a continuous variable to assess changes in baseline parameters across pregnancy through linear regression (α set to 0.05), with clasper day as the independent variable and the value of the parameter of interest as the dependent variable.
A short guide to insect oviposition: when, where and how to lay an egg
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2019
Kevin M. Cury, Benjamin Prud’homme, Nicolas Gompel
Mechanosensation. There is surprisingly little literature that explores the role of mechanosensation in sensing mating and triggering post-mating responses in insects. Yet, there are reasons to think that this modality is also involved in the switch. The external genitalia of female insects are covered with mechanosensory bristles and sensillae (Snodgrass, 1935; Taylor, 1989). While these organs may play a role during the process of oviposition, they may also be stimulated during copulation (Yassin & Orgogozo, 2013). Perhaps analogous, a single pair of bristles on the genital claspers of male D. melanogaster are necessary for maintaining proper posture during copulation (Acebes, Cobb, & Ferveur, 2003). There is also circumstantial evidence that the female insect reproductive system senses mechanical stimulation, for instance in response to ovulation (Gou, Liu, Guntur, Stern, & Yang, 2014) (see below) or through copulation, resulting in removal of a previous male's sperm from the spermathecae (von Helversen & von Helversen, 1991).