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The Energetics of Fish Sperm Motility
Published in Claude Gagnon, Controls of Sperm Motility, 2020
Internal fertilization is observed in a relatively limited number of species mostly found in the group of poeciliids. Spermatozoa are transferred directly into the female genital tract via modified anal fin (gonopodium) of various morphologies (Figure 1). The structure of this gonopodium is adapted to the state of the spermatozoa during the transfer: free in the semen or grouped in spermatophores (covered with an envelope) or spermatozeugmata (without envelope).2 Free spermatozoa in suspension in seminal fluid are transferred through a gonopodium organized in a pseudopenis with a true canal as shown in Anableps anableps.1 The sperm can be transferred into females without contact with water and no spill of sperm occurs. When the spermatozoa are associated in spermatophores or spermatozeugmata, the structure of the gonopodium seems simpler and shows only a groove which orients the spermatozoa association toward the genital papilla of the female.3 The tip of the gonopodium is highly differentiated and plays an important role in the final part of the transfer of the spermatozoa to the female since its ablation results in a lack of fertilization. Such a transfer may be harmful to the female since traumatic copulation with bleeding is reported.5
Diagnosis of Pregnancy and Ante-natal Regimen
Published in Audrey Eccles, Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Tudor and Stuart England, 2018
Sharp noted that women are almost alone among female creatures in desiring copulation after conception, but that it was needful for man that it should be so, because polygamy is forbidden by the laws of God. Culpeper thought it impractical to forbid copulation during pregnancy, ‘for I know well enough the Nature of Man is so vicious, that he must have to do with his Wife, or some body else in that time, or do that which is worse than either’. Still, it was generally agreed that intercourse was not safe unless very moderate, for it was well known that ‘common Whores (who often use Copulation) have never, or very rarely any Children; For the Grass seldom grows in a Path that is commonly trodden in’.17
Female reproductive system
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Vagina– birth canal + receives penis during copulation– ant. + post. + lat. fornices– arterial SS: vaginal a. (int. iliac a.) + vaginal branch of uterine a.– venous drainage: vaginal veins (int. iliac v.)– lymphatic drainage: U. third to ext. and int. iliac nodesmiddle third to int. iliac nodesL. third to superficial inguinal nodes
The prevalence and associated factors of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging males
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Yang Xiong, Yangchang Zhang, Xiaoyu Li, Feng Qin, Jiuhong Yuan
No elevated risks are observed between married/cohabitated participants and others subjects (married but not living with spouse, separated, divorced, widowed and never married), hinting copulation and marriage like relationships may not affect prevalence of LUTS/BPH. Impact of marital status on prevalence varies considerably. Some studies show marital status is not related with LUTS/BPH [32,33]. Whereas, certain studies display inconsistent finding [34,35]. Park et al. reveals married but living separately, widowed and divorced share homologous risks with 0.970 times (95%CI 0.847–1.111), 1.123 times (95%CI 1.012–1.241) and 1.336 times (1.178–1.515), respectively, compared to married and with spouse [34]. These studies were performed in different races, countries, social environments etc, influencing the results. Researches with high qualities need to be performed with regard to marital status and prevalence of LUTS/BPH to further investigate the relationships.
Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
The assessment of Al reproductive toxicity focused on studies in animals due to the lack of prospective or controlled-dose human studies that provide insight into potential Al-induced reproductive toxicity. Table 3 summarizes results of studies of Al reproductive toxicity in females. The cited studies do not consistently use the terms fecundity or fertility or their indexes. The author could not find generally accepted descriptions of these terms related to laboratory animals, as noted in a review of non-clinical fertility study design (Lerman et al. 2009). Four endpoints are used, following published guidelines (Wolterbeek et al. 2004), and the reported results categorized accordingly, irrespective of the definition used by the authors. Mating (copulation) was defined as positive mating (typically determined as sperm in the vagina (vaginal smear) or a vaginal plug) and mating index (%) as positive matings/cohabitated females. Fecundity (conception) was defined as a pregnant female and fecundity index (%) as pregnant females/successfully mated females. Fertility was defined as the number of live offspring and fertility (gestation) index (%) as the number of live offspring/litter.
Biochemical, hematological, and hormonal profile of rats orally administered methanol stem bark extract of Napoleona vogelii Hook and Planch (Lecythidaceae)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Victor Olabowale Ikumawoyi, Esther Oluwatoyin Agbaje, Olufunsho Awodele, Akinwumi Akinyinka Akinyede
Hormonal assessment showed that administration of the extract resulted in significant reduction in TT levels at all doses. The extract may act via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Hadley 1988, Frias et al. 2002, Ren et al. 2005) to bring about this effect. It might reduce the secretion of releasing hormones by a pertubatory effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Sinha and Mathur 1990, Mali et al. 2002, Yakubu 2012) hence resulting in infertility in males. However, there was an increase in the level of EST at 200 and 400 mg/kg which suggest the pro-fertility effect of the extract in females. Adequate levels of EST and PROG are required for stimulation of growth and maturation of follicles. It is also required for female estrous behavior that enhances mating, and prepares the external genitalia for copulation, also creates suitable conditions for the development of fertilized egg cells and maintains pregnancy (Oladimeji et al. 2014). The effect of the extract on EST could enhance these functions hence promoting female fertility.