China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Parasite's Way of Life
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Kinetoplastids are flagellated protozoa, which include among their ranks some of the most important human and animal parasites. Trypanosomes are responsible for both human and animal trypanosomiasis, whereas Leishmania spp. cause either cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis. These parasites have indirect life cycles and use vector transmission. In all of them, there is extensive asexual reproduction via binary fission in both the vertebrate host and the arthropod vector.
Ethics of Medical Product Development
Published in Howard Winet, Ethics for Bioengineering Scientists, 2021
In general, patents are rights that prohibit others from “making, using, offering for sale or selling the invention throughout the United States, or importing the invention into the U.S.” (quote from U.S. Patent Office website). The item to be patented is classified into at least one of three categories:Utility; for invention or discovery of a new and useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or a new and useful improvement thereof.Design; for invention of a new, original ornamental design for an article of manufacture.Plant; for invention or discovery and asexual reproduction (e.g. grafting) of a distinct and new variety of plant.
The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Mitosis is asexual reproduction, as there is only one cell involved. The process of mitosis is complex and is divided into four phases with the last phase being combined with cytokinesis, which describes the process of the non-nuclear part of the cell dividing in half. The four phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (see Figure 3.10). These phases are not discrete but are part of a continuous process and indicate the significant stages that can be identified in the overall process.
Immunological, histopathological, and ultrastructural evidence of steroid-induced reactivation of chronic murine toxoplasmosis
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Aida A. Abdel-Magied, Doaa S. Ghorab, Abeer A. Elhenawy, Nora I. Aboulfotouh
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intra-cellular parasite. Their definitive hosts are mainly felines while rodents are their natural intermediate hosts, and humans may act as intermediate hosts as well. Rapid asexual reproduction stage (tachyzoites) occurs in the intermediate host and is known as the acute phase of infection. Acute phase is usually asymptomatic with few percentages of patients developing mild symptoms as fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. Latent or chronic phase of infection develops after the subsidence of acute stage with the formation of resistant cysts containing slowly multiplying bradyzoites in various tissues, most commonly in muscles and brain. The parasite in cats (definitive host) undergoes rapid sexual multiplication in their gut with the formation of oocysts that pass with their feces. Oocysts and tissue cysts are both infectious for intermediate hosts as humans.19 In immunocompromised patients, T. gondii infection can be fatal whether a result of uncontrolled acute infection due to immunosuppression or due to reactivation of chronic infection. Chronic Toxoplasma infection occurs in one third of world population and the highest percentage is reported in South America, Latin America, and the Middle East.1
Synthetic Toll-like receptor agonists for the development of powerful malaria vaccines: a patent review
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Arshpreet Kaur, Deepika Kannan, Surinder K. Mehta, Shailja Singh, Deepak B. Salunke
The life cycle of malaria parasite consists of several stages [7] corresponding to specific antigen that induces specific immune response. Infection begins when infected female Anopheles mosquito bites human host, injecting sporozoites into blood stream. Sporozoites infect liver cells of human host and mature into schizonts, which rupture and release merozoites. In Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale parasite species, a dormant stage exists in liver where parasites survive in the form of hypnozoites. Usually, two stages occur i.e. exoerythrocytic stage involving initial replication and erythrocytic stage which involve asexual reproduction in human erythrocytes. As cycle continues, merozoites infect red blood cells (RBCs) and goes through ring stage that mature into schizonts, which ruptures and releases merozoites further infecting neighboring RBCs. Some parasites begin to differentiate into male and female gametocytes and finally are consumed by mosquito during its blood meal. Within the mosquito, gametes penetrate each other and form motile zygote (ookinete) which migrates through the gut wall and develop into oocysts which grow, rupture, and release sporozoites. These sporozoites migrate into salivary glands and are injected into human host during the next blood meal.
Neurocysticercosis: the good, the bad, and the missing
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
Arturo Carpio, Agnès Fleury, Matthew L. Romo, Ronaldo Abraham
It is also unknown whether the parasites in their racemose forms have the capacity of gemmation (asexual reproduction by budding). The appearance of clusters of grapes has long been noted; it is not known whether each ‘grape’ has the potential to individualize. In some people, new parasites are seen over time, sometimes after treatment, and generally in the proximity of the first recognized parasites. One of the reasons could be reinfection, but gemmation cannot be excluded, as it is known to occur in a closely related parasite Taenia crassiceps.