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Of brain and bone: The unusual case of Dr. A
Published in Howard J. Rosen, Robert W. Levenson, Neurocase, 2020
J. Narvid, M. L. Gorno-Tempini, A. Slavotinek, S. J. DeArmond, Y. H. Cha, B. L. Miller, K. Rankin
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM, Ashburner & Friston, 2002) was used to demonstrate regional decreases in gray matter volume by comparing the patient’s T1-weighted MRI scan at age 67 to those of 28 male normal controls aged between 57 and 77. Structural MR imaging was accomplished using a 1.5-T Magnetom VISION system (Siemens Inc., Iselin, NJ), a standard quadrature head coil to obtain T1-weighted (MP-RAGE) images of the entire brain.
Beyond DVH
Published in Tiziana Rancati, Claudio Fiorino, Modelling Radiotherapy Side Effects, 2019
Oscar Acosta, Renaud de Crevoisier
With regards to the 3D DVM, voxel-wise comparisons in a common coordinate system represent a suitable strategy to reveal local differences across individuals within a whole volume at low spatial scales. After a pre-processing step of inter-individual spatial alignment, voxel-wise statistical tests are then used to produce 3D maps depicting the localization of regions where statistically meaningful differences between or within groups may exist. These methods are inspired from the voxel-based morphometry (Ashburner et al. 2000). Applied to toxicity studies, the works undertaken in this field have allowed the identification of more predictive sub-regions within the organs in several locations (Heemsbergen et al. 2010; Acosta et al. 2013; Drean et al. 2016b; Ziad et al. 2012; Rao et al. 2012; Monti et al. 2017; Palma et al. 2016).
Neuroimaging
Published in John O'Brien, Ian McKeith, David Ames, Edmond Chiu, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson's Disease Dementia, 2005
As well as visual rating and volumetric methods of analysis, unbiased voxel- based methods have also been applied to DLB. Burton et al (2002) reported the first study using voxel-based morphometry in DLB. This method has some methodological advantages over previous techniques, since it is not operator- dependent and examines changes in all parts of the brain, rather than only in predetermined regions. Burton et al (2002) showed gray matter loss in temporal and frontal lobes and in insular cortex in DLB compared with controls. Compared with AD, DLB subjects showed relative preservation of gray matter volume in the medial temporal lobe, hippocampus and amygdala, again strongly confirming previous studies that had used visual ratings and volumetric analysis.
Regional brain morphology of the primary somatosensory cortex correlates with spicy food consumption and capsaicin sensitivity
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Pengfei Han, Tao Su, Hong Chen, Thomas Hummel
The primary objective of the current study was to investigate whether habitual spicy food consumption relates to brain anatomical features. Using magnetic resonance imaging we applied voxel-based morphometry which is a relatively straightforward method that quantifies the amount of gray matter per voxel, to the brain anatomical images acquired. We adopted a modified 3-item spicy food consumption questionnaire that covers (1) the spicy eating frequency, (2) the preferred degree of food spiciness and (3) the duration of spicy dietary habits [12], which gives a comprehensive picture of spicy food consumption matrices [14]. We hypothesized that habitual spicy food intake is related to decreased capsaicin sensitivity and intensity perception. On the anatomical level, habitual spicy food intake was expected to relate to an increased GMV of the brain regions representing the oral cavity, mainly the primary somatosensory cortex. Further, as the same central pathway is involved in the processing of both oral and intranasal trigeminal stimuli [15–17], and spicy food consumption is accompanied by intranasal exposure to pungent volatiles (e.g. allyl isothiocyanate from mustard and wasabi, gingerol from ginger). The study also assessed the intranasal trigeminal perception to explore whether habitual spicy dietary behavior is also associated with changes in intranasal trigeminal perception.
The amygdala in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Structural and functional correlates of delay aversion
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Jeroen Van Dessel, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Matthijs Moerkerke, Saskia Van der Oord, Jurgen Lemiere, Sarah Morsink, Marina Danckaerts
This is the first study demonstrating a link between amygdala structure and function in adolescents with ADHD. However, the results need to be considered in the light of a number of limitations. First, these results focus on a specific subgroup of ADHD, more specifically right-handed boys with ADHD, combined presentation, and may therefore not be generalised to the overall ADHD population. Second, our sample included a wide age range (age: 10–18 years), and thus developmental effects could be confounding the study findings. However, such an effect is unlikely because the groups were matched on age and gender. Third, replication is needed in a larger sample, as contradictory structural findings have been reported in the ADHD domain, possibly due to the lack of statistical power from small sample sizes (Schmaal et al. 2016) and the heterogeneity within ADHD (Heidbreder 2015). The aim of the current study, however, was not to investigate structural differences per se, but to focus on the link between structure and function. It is not always feasible for task-based functional studies to include sufficient numbers of patients deemed necessary for voxel-based morphometry studies. Multicentre collaborations with large samples, standardised data acquisition and analysis procedures, such as the ENIGMA consortium, can help to elucidate ADHD-specific brain alterations in the near future (Lugo-Candelas and Posner 2017).
Impact of Amblyopia on the Central Nervous System
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2020
Nathaniel P. Miller, Breanna Aldred, Melanie A. Schmitt, Bas Rokers
However, in recent decades, advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods have enabled more precise in vivo assessment of the structure and function of the brain beyond the retina. Functional integrity can be assessed using functional MRI (fMRI) in which neural activity is estimated based on metabolic demand via blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals.35 Structural integrity can be assessed with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) or diffusion MRI (dMRI). VBM is based on MRI intensity differences produced by different kinds of brain tissue and can assess local gray and white-matter volume. Diffusion MRI measures the diffusion of water molecules in tissue, enabling the identification of white-matter pathways in the brain and the estimation of their structural integrity.