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Radiation Therapy and Radiation Safety in Medicine
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
Examples of radionuclides used in unsealed source therapy are iodine-131, with a half-life of 8.0 days and a beta range of 3 mm, and phosphorus-32, with a half-life of 14.3 days and a beta range of 10 mm. Because iodine is effectively partitioned into the thyroid gland and cleared from the rest of the body, iodine-131 administered orally is used for the treatment of thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). In the case of iodine-131, its emission of gamma rays allows gamma camera or SPECT imaging to be used to follow the course of treatment. Phosphorus-32 has a pronounced effect on blood-forming tissues, so it can be used in the treatment of leukemia and other blood disorders.
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
The primary goals of PV treatment are to alleviate symptoms, to reduce the risk of vascular (thrombotic/hemorrhagic) events by suppressing marrow cellular production, and to minimize potential consequences of long-term therapy. Treatment modalities include: Phlebotomy of 250–500mL of blood two to three times a week until Hct is between 40% and 45%.Treatment with radioactive phosphorus (32P). Because of the increased risk of AL after 7 to 10 years of 32P therapy, this drug is usually restricted to patients over 60 years.Administration of appropriate myelosuppressive drugs. These include hydroxyurea, interferons, and alkylating agents. The alkylating agents (such as chlorambucil) are prescribed infrequently now because of the unacceptably high risk of transformation to AL after 5 to 7 years of treatment.
Radiopharmaceuticals
Published in Mario P. Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990
Following intravenous injection, phosphorus-32 is incorporated into the phosphorus metabolic pathway. The quantity of phosphorus-32 taken up by individual tissues will depend on the rate of proliferation of the tissue cells. Those cells with active proliferation, such as bone marrow, or those cells where mitotic activity is abnormally accelerated, such as malignant cells, will exhibit high uptake.
Synovitis in hemophilia: preventing, detecting, and treating joint bleeds
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2023
RS is of particular usefulness in individuals with inhibitors. Controlling bleeds is difficult and surgical treatment of hemophilic arthropathy is challenging because of less dependable hemostasis during surgery. The radionuclide utilized in the U.S.A and other countries is phosphorus-32 (P32) with satisfactory results [70,71]. Two cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) employing P32 RS in two children with hemophilia have been published in the U.S.A [72,73]. In 2002, Manco-Johnson et al reported on ALL in a 9-year-old-boy. It was considered unrelated to the two P32 injections that the child received 3 and 10 months prior to the leukemia diagnosis [72]. In 2004, Dunn et al reported on a 14-year-old who had P32 injections into the left elbow and right ankle. Ten months later, the child was diagnosed with ALL [73]. In 2002, a standard protocol for P32 RS was published by Dunn et al. An informed consent for the RS technique was advised [74].
Prostate-specific membrane antigen-directed imaging and radioguided surgery with single-photon emission computed tomography: state of the art and future outlook
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Luca Filippi, Barbara Palumbo, Viviana Frantellizzi, Susanna Nuvoli, Giuseppe De Vincentis, Angela Spanu, Orazio Schillaci
The first experiences on the application of handheld devices for radioactivity detection date back to the ‘40s, when a Geiger-Muller probe was employed to reveal phosphorus-32 (32P) sodium phosphate uptake in skin disorders [27]. To date, several probes are available to detect both gamma (gamma-probes) and beta (beta-probes) emitters. The three main features characterizing a handheld probe are 1) energy resolution, that is the capacity to discriminate between different energies and results of critical importance to distinguish between primary and scattered photons; 2) sensitivity, that is the detected count-rate per unit activity; 3) spatial resolution, that is the ability to locate the emitting source and to separate two neighboring emitting sources from each other.
A proposed explanation for thunderstorm asthma and leukemia risk near high-voltage power lines: a supported hypothesis
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2018
In the proposed process, a high carcinogenic air-borne particle count develops upwind of HVPL. These pollutants may include traffic exhaust, certain industrial chemicals from high-pressure sprays, by-products of manufacture emitted in factory smoke and demolition sites, especially where asbestos is involved. Asbestos, diesel engine exhaust, phosphorus-32 as phosphate are a few substances that IARC has ranked as carcinogenic to humans (IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 2002a). Traffic exhaust somewhat complicates this issue as many exhaust particles are ionized prior to emission. This is discussed below (Yu et al., 2004).