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Promising Imaging Modalities
Published in Bhagwat D. Ahluwalia, Tomographic Methods in Nuclear Medicine: Physical Principles, Instruments, and Clinical Applications, 2020
In this chapter, the future of imaging modalities is reviewed. Pertinent instrumentation and clinical applications of SPECT and PET are discussed in individual chapters in the book. For brain imaging, biological requirements for a radiopharmaceutical are ability to cross blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and to distribute in the brain, proportional to the blood flow. Once in the brain, the tracer should stay fixed for a time sufficient for SPECT data acquisition. To cross the BBB the complex has to be lipophilic, the molecules small in size, and possessing no charge. Iodine-123-labeled p-iodo-N-isopropylamphetamine (123I-IMP) has been widely used for brain imaging and regional blood flow. 123I-IMP has been shown to be quite promising for SPECT imaging.3
Thyroid cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Gitta Madani, Polly S Richards
The main role of scintigraphy is in the assessment of whole gland or nodule function. Thyroid scintigraphy is only used in the work-up of thyroid nodules, in patients with biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism and low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). 99mTechnetium (99mTc) pertechnetate is used as the baseline imaging study to evaluate the anatomical location and trapping function of thyroid nodules; it has no role to play in the detection of metastatic or recurrent disease and only occasionally is taken up by metastatic cervical nodes.123Iodine (123I) is also used to evaluate the function of thyroid nodules. It may be performed after 99mTc pertechnetate if the result is equivocal. 123I is used to detect metastatic disease postoperatively. 131I plays a major role in the treatment and follow-up of patients with thyroid cancer.
Images from Radioactivity: Radionuclide Scans, SPECT, and PET
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
It was also mentioned in Section 6.2 that alpha and beta rays are absorbed before they can exit the body because charged particles have such short ranges. Thus, radionuclides for imaging should not emit charged particles, since beta or alpha rays will add to the undesirable effects of the radiation dose without providing a useful signal for imaging. For example, the isotope iodine-131 is useful for therapy, but less useful for imaging alone because it emits both gamma and beta rays. By contrast, a different isotope of iodine, iodine-123, emits only gamma rays and is much safer for use in imaging the thyroid.
Pre- and Post-treatment Serum BAFF Levels and BAFF Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Graves’ Disease
Published in Endocrine Research, 2023
Tarak Dhaouadi, Imen Rojbi, Sameh Ghammouki, Ibtissem Ben Nacef, Meriem Adel, Sabrine Mekni, Karima Khiari, Taïeb Ben Abdallah, Imen Sfar, Yousr Gorgi
This study included 62 GD patients and 152 healthy voluntary blood donors from the same ethnic origin (Tunisian). The 62 GD patients were prospectively investigated in the endocrinology department of the Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis from June 2020 to September 2021. GD diagnosis was confirmed when the following criteria were met: 1) positive TRAB, 2) Low TSH level, 3) normal or high free thyroxine (fT4) level and 4) decreased echogenicity and enhanced blood flow in thyroid ultrasound or increased uptake in the iodine-123 thyroid scintigraphy. Using Euroimmun® (Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany) ELISA kit, TRAB level ≥ 2 IU/ml was considered positive. Following the manufacturer (Roche®) instructions, TSH ranging from 0.27 to 4.2 µIU/ml and fT4 ranging from 0.93 to 1.7 ng/dl were considered normal.
Theranostic approaches in nuclear medicine: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Luca Filippi, Agostino Chiaravalloti, Orazio Schillaci, Roberto Cianni, Oreste Bagni
As previously mentioned, radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) has represented the oldest example of theranostic approach to cancer. Iodine is an essential element for thyroid production of hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Two iodine radioisotopes are routinely used in nuclear medicine practice. The former is iodine-123 (123I), that has a half-life of 13.22 hours and emits predominant energy of 159 keV and can be applied for obtaining high-quality pre- and post-therapeutic imaging. The latter is the already cited 131I which presents the characteristics of both a beta (β−, approximately 90% of the radiation, mean: 192 keV, mean tissue penetration: 0.4 mm) and gamma (approximately 10% of the radiation, mean: 383 keV) emitter. In 1946, the radionuclide 131I was successfully applied for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma. DTC includes malignancies originating from cells delimiting thyroid follicles with three well-studied histotypes: follicular (FTC), papillary (PTC) and Hurtle cell carcinoma (HTC) [9]. Surgery, especially total thyroidectomy, represents the first choice of treatment: in such a case, the optimal surgical approach takes into account several factors such as histology, disease extent, and the presence of lymph node involvement. It is of crucial importance of preserving the neighboring anatomical structures such as nerves and blood vessels [10].
Efficacy of arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging with multiple post-labeling delays to predict postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion in carotid endarterectomy
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Hidenori Endo, Miki Fujimura, Atsushi Saito, Toshiki Endo, Kazumasa Ootomo, Teiji Tominaga
All patients were scanned using an Infinia Hawkeye 4 (GE Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan) to evaluate pre- and postoperative CBF. We used a dual-table autoradiographic method to measure CBF and CVR [11]. The subjects received 2 doses of iodine 123 (123I)–iodoamphetamine (IMP) (111MBq each) by constant infusion for 1 minute at the beginning of and 30 minutes into SPECT, and ACZ injection 7 minutes before the second injection of IMP. Arterial blood sampling was performed 13 minutes after the first IMP administration. The CVR to ACZ was calculated as follows: