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Requirements and Preparation for Passing the American Board of Health Physics Certification Examinations
Published in Kenneth L. Miller, Handbook of Management of Radiation Protection Programs, 2020
Radiation injuries are much more common in industrial radiography than in any other kind of radiation work. It should be understood that this is the natural consequence of the job. Radiographers work with strong gamma sources and frequently they work at remote locations where conditions are difficult. They may be pressured to work despite personal problems that reduce their capabilities. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that they sometimes forget to retract the source, lock the source, or conduct a survey. Examinations may call for the calculation of the doses at small distances from these strong sources, and knowledge of the nuclides used in radiography (137Cs, 60Co, and 192Ir) may be expected. See McGuire’s work for more on radiography.100
Forensic Radiology in Historical Perspective
Published in Michael J. Thali M.D., Mark D. Viner, B. G. Brogdon, Brogdon's Forensic Radiology, 2010
B. G. Brogdon, Joel E. Lichtenstein
Any reflection on the historical genesis of forensic radiol-ogy ultimately must include consideration of early "practical use of roentgen rays for non-medical purposes" as summa-rized by Glasser in his classic biography.49 One of Rontgen's first test objects was a piece of welded metal (Figure 2.4). Rontgen was an avid hunter and outdoorsman so it is appropriate that one of his best x-ray pictures, made a bit later, was of his shotgun (Figure 2.17). Rontgen was delighted that not only were the "bullets" there for everyone to see, but also small irregularities in the steel could be discerned. Consequently, early in 1896, the War Ministries of Germany and of Austria proposed using Rontgen's method to detect defects in guns and armor. U.S. ordnance officials were similarly influenced by demonstrations of invisible welds in metal by Professor A. W. Wright of Yale, previously mentioned for his dead- rabbit investigation. That same year, the Carnegie Steel Works in Pittsburgh also employed x-rays for nondestructive testing. Industrial radiography is not within the scope of this book, but is still a useful tool for our colleagues in forensic engineering. Apart from mail-bomb searches already mentioned, x-rays were demonstrated to British postal authorities as a means of finding coins in newspapers, embedded in sealing wax, and otherwise posted in violation of existing regulations.
Dictionary
Published in Mario P. Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990
Cobalt-60. The most important gamma source for medical and industrial radiography. The gamma radiation has similar characteristics to radium, but the cost of 60Co source is but a fraction of that of radium. 60Co can be produced at high specific activities and fabracated into wire, rods, or foil before activation.60Co produces gamma radiation at 1.17 and 1.33 MeV which is useful in the treatment of deep-seated tumors. 60Co has a half-life of 5.26 years and thus a sealed unit containing the cobalt will last for a few years. The source is fitted into a treatment head that contains massive shielding and a mechanism for exposing or closing the source by rotating it away from the collimator. The γ-ray beam is directed at the tumor to be treated via a set of collimators and moved during the treatment so that maximum radiation dose is delivered to the focal point at the center of rotation, other parts being irradiated less. It is also used as a source of penetrating ionizing radiation for industry (sterilization, γ radiography).
Twenty years of FISH-based translocation analysis for retrospective ionizing radiation biodosimetry
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Eric Grégoire, Laurence Roy, Valérie Buard, Martine Delbos, Valérie Durand, Cécile Martin-Bodiot, Pascale Voisin, Irène Sorokine-Durm, Aurélie Vaurijoux, Philippe Voisin, Céline Baldeyron, Joan Francesc Barquinero
The third category, classified as ‘Industry’, includes occupationally exposed workers who used radioactive material in their industrial activity. This category contains mainly the victims of accidents in Bulgaria (due to an error in source placement) (Gregoire et al. 2013) and Belgium (due to an alarm failure). The FISH assay showed that the Bulgarian victims we analyzed (Table 2(A): cases 5 and 6) were positive. The observed frequency of translocations for the Belgium victim (Table 2(A): case 7) was also significantly higher than that from French age-matched individuals. This third category also included five other cases (Table 2(A) and 2(B): cases 4, 18, 22, 23, and 41) involved in radiological incidents. Only two were positive. The first (Table 2(B): case 22) was exposed during the maintenance of a RX scanner for luggage control, and the other (Table 2(A): case 4) to a source that fell out of a piece of industrial radiography equipment, which he then put in his back pocket.
Comparative study of micronucleus assays and dicentric plus ring chromosomes for dose assessment in particular cases of partial-body exposure
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Mariana E. Mendes, Julyanne C. G. Mendonça, Joan F. Barquinero, Manuel Higueras, Jorge E. Gonzalez, Aida M. G. Andrade, Laís M. Silva, Alyne M. S. Nascimento, Julianne C. F. Lima, Júlio C. G. Silva, Suy Hwang, Ana M. M. A. Melo, Neide Santos, Fabiana F. Lima
Few accident studies have used MN for assessing partial-body exposure to low dose radiation. Beinke et al. (2015) reported an accidental exposure to gamma radiation in an industrial radiography worker. Cytogenetic biodosimetry was carried out four months after the incident and dicentric and MN assays were applied. The results from dicentrics indicated a whole-body dose of 0.07 Gy, near the value indicated by the thermoluminecent dosimeter. However, the sample showed significant overdispersion (u = 9.78), and the partial-body dose indicated an exposure of 2 Gy in 21% of the irradiated fraction of the body. But the MN frequency was not different from the laboratory’s frequency relative non-exposed individuals consequently no dose assessment was made.
A note on Poisson goodness-of-fit tests for ionizing radiation induced chromosomal aberration samples
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Manuel Higueras, J. E. González, Marina Di Giorgio, J. F. Barquinero
Sample 1 is the dicentric distribution from the accidental γ-radiation exposure of an industrial radiography described by (Beinke et al. 2015). Samples 2 and 3 are the dicentric plus ring distribution of the same patient analysed by two different laboratories of the 2011 radiation accident suffered in Stamboliyski (Bulgaria) (Grégoire 2013).