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Medication Errors
Published in Salvatore Volpe, Health Informatics, 2022
Jitendra Barmecha, Z. Last, A. Zaman
Delving further into personalized medicine, you will find other advancements in medicine such as 3D-printed drugs. Known as additive manufacturing, 3D printing starts with a computer-aided design of a digital model of the product. The design is then sliced into thousands of horizontal layers that will form the digital file for feeding into a 3D printer. It will then use different materials to print the product layer by layer, transforming two-dimensional layers into a 3D product.28 The application of this is wide-ranging from being able to create personalized pills that come in different shapes, sizes, textures, solubility, and rate of delivery than what is commercially available. You can even “print” polypills, which contain multiple drugs, into one pill to make adherence easier. This can be useful for patients who are young, elderly, unable to swallow, or unable to follow complex treatment plans. When this becomes readily available, there are many ways that it will be able to help reduce errors.
Virtual Surgical Planning for Left-Ventricular Myectomy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Published in Srilakshmi M. Adhyapak, V. Rao Parachuri, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, 2020
Prahlad G. Menon, Srilakshmi M. Adhyapak
Joshua Hermsen et al. [10] have studied the applications of 3D printing technology for surgical myectomy in HCM. 3D prints have been most commonly used as tangible adjuncts to the imaging modalities from which they are derived. These modalities are yet to attain a performable competence for clinical use. This study describes a process used for two patients undergoing septal myectomy for HCM. In Hermsen’s study, the surgeon was provided with two tools: an interactive digital model and a physical 3D print. The digital model was a by-product of the segmentation process necessary to create a 3D print from computed tomographic scan data, and was infinitely manipulable. The heart could be sectioned in any plane, and the image could be rotated on the screen in all axes. The ability to section, rotate, and view a 3D representation of the heart and ventricular septum in nontraditional planes as well as in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes was subjectively useful according to the assessment tool. The surgeon was also able to perform a virtual myectomy with the segmentation software. This was actually less useful than anticipated, however, because the graphical user interface for this function was not surgically intuitive. In addition, the volume of the digital resection was not calculable, so a comparison could not be made with the resection volumes from the 3D print and the patient.
Composite Materials for Oral and Craniofacial Repair or Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Teresa Russo, Roberto De Santis, Antonio Gloria
Over the past decade, a wide range of degradable, partially degradable and non-degradable polymer based composites has been investigated to repair or to regenerate hard tissues in oral and craniofacial surgery. These composites can be prepared in the laboratory and then implanted or they can be polymerized in situ. For the former approach, the main advancements arise from Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies, also known as 3D printing, while injectable or spreadable nanocomposites represent the main achievements for in situ forming of prostheses, restorative materials and scaffolds for Tissue Engineering (’l'E). Self-shape adaptation of injectable or spreadable nanocomposites, and the overall reduced time from diagnosis to implantation, is the most convenient approach for dental and cranial bone tissues repair or regeneration. However, several drawbacks such as heat and shrinkage due to the polymerization process and release of unreacted monomers, limit the in situ forming approach. On the other hand, patient tailored prostheses and scaffolds, designed and manufactured in the laboratory, involve the use of the Reverse Engineering (RE) applied to organs and hard tissues for defining, via Computer Aided Design (CAD), the customized prosthesis or scaffold. 3D imaging clinical tools like X-ray CT, MRI and Laser scanners provide the main data source for developing the digital model. Implant designing, composite materials and engineering technologies, as well as future trends in the field, will be focused.
The transparent minds: methods of creation of 3D digital models from patient specific data
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2022
Hana Pokojna, Caroline Erolin, Christopher Henstridge
Further benefits of creating 3D digital models are that they can be transformed into different modalities. These can be 3D physical models through 3D printing or creating 3D physical models with resin and other materials. 3D digital models can also be delivered in different digital formats, such as VR and AR. The VR option is already available on Sketchfab, where the user can interact with the model by rotating, zooming, reading the descriptions with specifically marked anatomy, and being able to alter them digitally according to their need. Using 3D digital models in VR also allows the viewer to look at the models in whatever size they desire. This means that their size can be increased to be larger than life (Figure 22) while maintaining the accuracy of their anatomical structure and closely examining the details. Overall, creating a 3D patient-specific 3D digital model is useful on its own, however it can also serve as the initial building block for delivery in other modalities.
An integrated haptic-enabled virtual reality system for orthognathic surgery planning
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Jorge Zaragoza-Siqueiros, Hugo I. Medellin-Castillo, Héctor de la Garza-Camargo, Theodore Lim, James M. Ritchie
In the traditional model surgery procedure, each surgeon was asked to get the patient's dental cast models and mount them on an articulator, as shown in Figure 10. Reference lines were then indicated on each model before cutting and repositioning the casts. On the other hand, the virtual model surgery was carried out on the patient’s digital model in OSSys. The haptic device was used by the surgeons to feel and mark on the virtual model the anatomical points that define the cutting planes. The repositioning of the models was also carried out using the haptic device. Figure 11 shows the segmented digital dental models.
Utilization of mixed reality tools in the design of wireless assistive products
Published in Assistive Technology, 2022
Another unknown, particularly for TAR, are the allowable real-world tolerances between the physical model and the augmented view. It is known that equivalent usability assessments can be collected from a functional prototype and a TAR model provided that all elements are exactly the same (see studies in Table 1: Choi & Mittal 2015; Faust et al., 2018; Choi, 2019. This includes things like size, weight, feel/texture, control interface positioning, etc. Even with rapid prototyping techniques, finishing these details to the same level of precision still takes significant time and effort. If these elements of the physical model all still need to correspond one to one with the digital model, then any design change might require producing a new physical model. This will reduce the potential time/cost savings and reduce the total number of designs that it would be feasible to test. If the digital model can be altered without making corresponding changes to the physical model, it becomes easier to reuse one model with many design permutations. This might include changes in apparent size, contours, positioning of interface elements. If some misalignment is possible without breaking a user’s immersion in the display or without impacting the usability, then it is easier to construct a physical component with confidence that it will be representative enough for accurate assessment. For real world use it is important to know the allowable tolerances. This will be true especially if the devices showing the augmented view are general consumer devices (such as mobile phones). These are more common and easy for people to use but also less precise than specialized hardware. If the display device is not able to track accurately enough, it may lead to problems with usability measurement even if the dimensions of a physical component are completely accurate.