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Malignant Neoplasms
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Mark Biro, Vesna Petronic-Rosic
Melanoma staging is determined according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. The AJCC staging system uses the TNM scale, where T corresponds to tumor thickness, also known as Breslow’s depth, N corresponds to nodal involvement, and M corresponds to sites of metastatic disease (Tables 21.7 and 21.8). Breslow’s depth is the most important staging characteristic and is measured from the granular layer to the deepest part of the melanoma. Presence of tumor ulceration increases the grade of the tumor. Depending on the stage of melanoma at the time of diagnosis, patients may require sentinel lymph node biopsy. If further metastatic evaluation is warranted, computer-assisted tomography (CAT) scan with contrast of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis or total body positron emission tomography may be completed. If there are findings suggestive of brain involvement, a brain MRI is recommended.
The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Physiological parameters, including patient performance status, are well-known biomarkers that have been used since the dawn of medicine to follow disease progression and treatment benefit. These could include other items of patient information such as medical or family background, or even behavioral tests in the case of neurological or psychiatric diseases. It could also include simple palpation in the case of a tumor to gauge size, or patient appearance in the case of other diseases (e.g., jaundice). Since the discovery of X-Rays, imaging techniques have also been used as biomarkers, and today’s sophisticated imaging technologies include Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Biochemical biomarkers are chemical entities, usually proteins, that can be detected in biological fluids or on cell surfaces, and these have rapidly gained in importance in the last decade. Well-known examples include PSA (Prostate Serum Antigen) in the blood that can be used as an aid to predict the risk and progress of prostate cancer, and cell-surface receptors such as Her-2 that can be used to determine best treatment for breast cancer (i.e., HerceptinTM).
Biological Predictions from the Conduction Delay Hypothesis of Cerebral Lateralization
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
The volume of different components of the forebrain can be measured from post mortem brains, fixed by traditional methods. However, with the development of computer-assisted tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodologies, similar measurements can now be made in vivo. Most of the studies using these methods (tabulated below) were not intended to investigate lateral differences in normal humans, but rather to study various patient groups (especially persons with diagnosis of schizophrenia). However, in such studies data for each hemisphere are also reported for control groups, and such data are used below. In many cases, the published data include the mean, the standard deviation, and the number of cases. Thus, t-test comparisons can be made, even when they were not included in the original published reports. For some of the comparisons, only a minority of the published reports provide statistically significant differences, and yet mean values in all or almost all reports may show differences between left and right side in the same direction. Such an occurrence can be taken as tentative support for there being a real difference between sides, but, since the aim of the study may have been something other than to establish a lateral difference in control brains, the data collected have insufficient statistical power to prove this in a single study.
Diagnosis of Ocular Tuberculosis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Marcus Ang, Daniel V. Vasconcelos-Santos, Kusum Sharma, Massimo Accorinti, Aman Sharma, Amod Gupta, Narsing A. Rao, Soon-Phaik Chee
Radiologic methods for the diagnosis of TB usually target the chest because the lungs are the main site of tuberculous involvement, whether in primary infection, persistence or reactivation of dormant microbes, or even upon reinfection.77 Nevertheless, many cases of tuberculous uveitis show no evidence of concomitant active lung involvement.78 Moreover, radiologic evidence of post-inflammatory lesions, such as hilar lymphadenopathy and parenchymal scarring may not be specific of tuberculosis.79 Computer-assisted tomography (CT), which may help delineate concomitant hilar, parenchymal, or pleural disease, can be an effective diagnostic method, especially when plain chest radiographs are normal or inconclusive,77,80 in highly suspected cases. MRI and more recently PET-scan may also disclose unsuspected changes consistent with pulmonary and even extrapulmonary tuberculosis.81,82 However, the high cost and limited availability of these techniques limits their use for routine investigation.
Concussion reporting intentions for incoming military athletes and cadets
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Melissa N. Anderson, Christopher D’Lauro, Brian R. Johnson, Craig A. Foster, Julianne D. Schmidt
Next, cadets completed a 13-question survey based on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree) created by Schmidt and colleagues (2020) that examined brain health knowledge (41). Each statement addressed beliefs associated with concussion, for example, “A concussion cannot cause brain damage unless the person has been knocked out” and “After a concussion occurs, brain imaging (e.g. computer-assisted tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray, etc.) typically shows visible physical damage to the brain (e.g., bruise, blood clot).” All 13 items were averaged to create a measure of brain health knowledge (41).
Surgical management of severe facial trauma after dog bite: A case report
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2020
Bernhard Prem, David Tianxiang Liu, Bernhard Parschalk, Boban M. Erovic, Christian A. Mueller
The bite wound extended from the upper lip, via the left paranasal cheek region underneath the nasal root, to the right lateral nose region. This soft tissue could be flipped to the right side of her face, revealing the nasal cavity (Figure 2). A computer-assisted tomography (CAT) scan of the head and face showed multisegmental fractures of the nasal bone and nasal septum. Swelling, bleeding and soft tissue damage were observed in this area. The CAT scan did not reveal any other fractures or intracranial bleeding.