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Composite Materials for Oral and Craniofacial Repair or Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Teresa Russo, Roberto De Santis, Antonio Gloria
At least four approaches involving the use of polymers and composites can be categorized. The first and simplest approach is the in situ application of the biomaterial (Costantino et al. 1993; Lee et al. 2009). The second approach is ex vivo and considers a plaster impression taken over the defect for realizing a mould into which the prostheses or scaffold is formed (Caro-Osorio et al. 2013; Jaberi et al. 2013). The third ex vivo approach uses a 3D scan of the defect for realizing, through AM, a mould into which the prostheses is formed (Saringer et al. 2002; Peltola et al. 2012; Msallem et al. 2017). The fourth approach uses 3D scanning of the defect and RE in conjunction with AM to directly manufacture the prosthesis or scaffold (Espalin et al. 2010; Han et al. 2019).
Three-dimensional ultrasound
Published in Peter R Hoskins, Kevin Martin, Abigail Thrush, Diagnostic Ultrasound, 2019
Peter R Hoskins, Tom MacGillivray
The terms ‘1D’, ‘2D’, ‘3D’ and ‘4D’ are used. The ‘D’ in every case refers to ‘dimension’. ‘1D’ is one spatial dimension, in other words a line; for example a 1D transducer consists of a line of elements. ‘2D’ is two spatial dimensions, which is an area. A 2D transducer consists of a matrix of elements. ‘3D’ is three spatial dimensions, in other words a volume. 3D scanning refers to the collection of 3D volume data. ‘4D’ is three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. 4D scanning refers to the collection of several 3D volumes over a period of time. Examples include the visualisation of the heart during the cardiac cycle, or of the fetus during fetal movement. Table 12.1 summarizes this terminology.
Competing discourses in maternity care
Published in Julie Jomeen, Tina Lavender, Choice, Control and Contemporary Childbirth, 2019
Antenatal scanning provides a prime example of a commodified aspect of pregnancy. Ultrasound scanning offered as part of antenatal care is a screening intervention and whilst it has been demonstrated to be anxiety provoking,32 research supports its value to women in terms of both visual confirmation of the pregnancy and pleasure.33 Scanning generally has been welcomed by parents as an opportunity to see the fetus and as such is now an integral part of the pregnancy experience. It provides a visibility to the fetus through which it turns into a baby. 3D and 4D scanning is a relatively new option to the maternity care marketplace, offering pregnant couples the opportunity to view a 3D real-time image of their fetus. The imaging benefits of 3D scanning have been documented. However, within the UK, technology is not broadly utilised in a screening context or as part of routine antenatal care but is offered as a consumer experience. The private companies who offer this service promote the experience, in terms of parental-fetal attachment and prenatal bonding, experiences inherently associated with a positive pregnancy experience and successful future parenting. The offering of such services for a fee suggests that there is an experience of pregnancy, in this case a relationship with the baby that can be acquired through a purchased experience.
Validity and reliability of three-dimensional imaging to measure limb volume: A systematic review
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2020
Rachel L. Kremer, Madison E. Wolfe, Noah J. Brueckner, Michaela C. Viola, Mary Insana Fisher
Emerging technologies can address the limitations that water displacement and circumferential measures pose in a clinic to measure limb volume. Valid, reliable, and efficient methods may result in earlier identification of BCRL, track volume changes of the arm, and be more readily available in clinics. Portable 3 D scanners may meet this need. Similar to perometry in image generation, which has established validity and reliability, portable 3 D scanning is significantly less expensive and likely within the reach of clinics to obtain. More time efficient than circumferential measures, more cost efficient and smaller than perometers, portable hand-held 3 D scanners that prove to be valid and reliable may facilitate widespread clinical use, increasing early identification of lymphedema. In addition, the ease of use and decreased time associated with these newer methods compared to water displacement could lead to better and more effective monitoring of limb volume in patients who are at risk for developing lymphedema. This would allow for earlier intervention, which can significantly reduce the effect of lymphedema on functional activities as well as a decrease in treatment costs [3]. Given the need for more efficient, yet cost-effective and easy to use valid and reliable tools to measure limb volume, the purpose of this review was to evaluate the psychometric properties of 3 D imaging for measuring limb volume in identifying lymphedema.
An integrated haptic-enabled virtual reality system for orthognathic surgery planning
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Jorge Zaragoza-Siqueiros, Hugo I. Medellin-Castillo, Héctor de la Garza-Camargo, Theodore Lim, James M. Ritchie
In the area of OGS, the traditional planning process started to evolve with the use of computer methods to carry out 2D cephalometric analyses (Haas et al. 2014). Since then, several systems for Computer-Aided cephalometry have been developed and are commercially available. In these systems, cephalometric analyses can be carried out in a very short time. The next evolution involved 3D scanning and engineering technologies, allowing the 3D reconstruction and visualization of the patient skull, the segmentation of the patient’s virtual model, the displacement and relocation of bone fragments, and the design and fabrication of surgical guides to assist the real surgical procedure (Chapuis et al. 2005; Swennen et al. 2009; Kim et al. 2011; Gelesko et al. 2012; Li et al. 2013; Swennen 2017). These modern OGS planning systems integrate engineering tools such as Computer-Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacture (CAD/CAM) with model surgery to enable the inclusion of advanced fabrication techniques such as additive manufacturing (AM). Moreover, the integration of the sense of touch and force feedback into a virtual environment for OGS planning eases the bone sectioning and alignment, allowing users to explore anatomic features and reduce the skill learning curve for novice surgeons (Agus et al. 2003; Aboul-Hosn Centenero and Hernandez-Alfaro 2012; Olsson et al. 2013).
Maxillofacial prostheses challenges in resource constrained regions
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2019
Sophia Tetteh, Richard J. Bibb, Simon J. Martin
The availability of appropriate training programmes in maxillofacial prosthetic fabrication and construction in resource-limited regions is crucial. The training of a prosthetist should satisfy the demands of technical; functional; psychological and aesthetic needs and requirements [51]. Training programmes need not replicate those in developed countries, which are structured, formal and regulated. However, training should be of comparable depth and quality. Training of local residents in pursuing maxillofacial prosthetics could serve as a career choice; multiple variation of medical services provision as well as development of human resource capacity. Also, new low-cost technologies such as three-dimensional photography (3D scanning) computer aided design or computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems can be incorporated in the fabrication and construction process to simplify, streamline and possibly automate some of the steps involved in creating prostheses [56,80].