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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
A further objective test in helping to diagnose malingering is the Sniff Magnitude Test. In a normosmic individual, under normal conditions, odor-induced apnea occurs, wherein when presented with an odor, there is a reflex that inhibits inhalation, to a greater degree when the odor is strong. The Sniff Magnitude Test is conducted whereby the sniff magnitude is determined by the area (duration times amplitude) of the sniff when the patient is presented with odors of different intensities or a blank, no-odor condition. This can be performed while the patient is awake, unattended, or even asleep. Under normal conditions, strong odors inhibit sniffing. Under pathologic states, where the odors are not being processed, there is no or partial inhibition of sniff magnitude. The advantage of this study is it can be done with the subject awake or asleep and is particularly hard to malinger since odors are presented at different levels of intensity and it would be hard, if not impossible, for a malingerer to adjust their sniff threshold accordingly. This test is particularly helpful in the detection of malingering since it does not even require a subjective response from the potential malingerer.
Stimulants: cocaine, amphetamines and party drugs
Published in Berry Beaumont, David Haslam, Care of Drug Users in General Practice, 2021
This is the form in which it is produced in illegal laboratories in South America for transport to Europe and the USA. It is an odourless white crystalline powder with a bitter taste known by various terms including Charlie, toot, dust and snow. Initially produced with a high purity, by the time it reaches street users it has been mixed with adulterants such as glucose (‘cut’) and the purity is reduced to 50% or less. It is taken in various ways. Sniffing (‘snorting’): the powder is finely chopped with a razor blade and drawn into 2 inch-long lines which are then sniffed up one nostril at a time using a straw or other implement.Injecting: the hydrochloride is very soluble in water and can easily be prepared for intravenous injection. It is sometimes mixed with heroin and the resultant preparation is called a ‘speedball’.Orally: either as powder or in solution.By application to mucous membranes: for example, the gums, genitals or anus.
Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
During quiet breathing, little of the air entering the nostrils reaches the olfactory mucosa; sniffing carries the air into the olfactory crypt. To be perceived as an odor, an inhaled substance must be volatile, i.e. spread in the air as very small particles, and be soluble in water or lipid. The intensity of olfactory sensation is determined by the frequency of firing of afferent neurons. The quality of an odor is likely determined by ‘cross-fiber’ activation, since the individual receptor cells are responsive to a wide range of odors and exhibit different types of responses to stimulants.
Esketamine for treatment resistant depression
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Jennifer Swainson, Rejish K Thomas, Shaina Archer, Carson Chrenek, Mary-Anne MacKay, Glen Baker, Serdar Dursun, Larry J. Klassen, Pratap Chokka, Michael L Demas
Before esketamine administration, the patient is instructed to blow their nose (only before the first device is administered) and then assisted to recline their head to 45° (semi-reclined position) during administration to contain the medication within the nasal cavity. For each spray, the device tip is inserted straight into the nostril until the nose rest touches the skin. The patient closes the opposite nostril and is instructed to breathe in while pushing the plunger up until it completely stops. Sniffing gently after administration is encouraged to maintain the medication inside the nose. It is recommended to wait 5 min between each device (28 mg) application and to keep the patient in a semi-reclined position for improved tolerability.
Multi-Organ System Injury from Inhalant Abuse
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2019
H. Evan Dingle, Saralyn R. Williams
Inhalation of volatile hydrocarbons rapidly distributes them throughout the body, producing a quick “high” within seconds to minutes (3). Intentional inhalation often occurs through one of several common routes-sniffing, huffing, or bagging (listed in order of increasing inspired solvent concentration). Sniffing describes inhalation of vapors directly from the container. Huffing refers to saturating a rag or cloth with the solvent, then covering the nose and mouth while inhaling from the cloth. Bagging occurs when the solvent is sprayed into a bag, and the bag is either placed over the mouth and nose or over the entire head (4). Some abusers may spray the substance directly into the mouth (4).
Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency alters olfactory mucosa sensitivity in young mice but has no impact on olfactory behavior
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Vanessa Soubeyre, Laetitia Merle, David Jarriault, Stéphane Grégoire, Lionel Bretillon, Niyazi Acar, Xavier Grosmaitre, Anne Marie Le Bon
Olfactory discrimination capacities of mice were assessed using a habituation/dishabituation test (Figure 5). Mice from the CON, LOW and HIGH groups showed no deficit in odor discrimination abilities during the different stages of this behavioral test. The significant main effects for the trials (F6.36 = 54.34, p <0.0001) were detected for time spent sniffing odorants. Post hoc analysis showed that CON, LOW and HIGH mice were able to discriminate the presence of ACE.