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Kidney Transplantation in the Rat
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, CRC Handbook of Microsurgery, 2019
Two inbred strains of rats were employed: the WAG/Rij (RT lu) and the BN/Bi (RT ln). All experiments were performed with animals bred under specific pathogen-free conditions, that is, free of pleuropneumonia-like organisms or other endemic infections. In the case of allografts, WAG male rats weighing between 250 and 350 g were the recipients; the male BN donors weighed 200 to 300 g.
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Badham, Charles (1780–1845) Physician from London and professor of physick at Glasgow in 1827. He published several treatises on lung diseases, including Observations on the Inflammatory Affections of the Mucous Membrane of the Bronchiae (1808) and Essay on Bronchitis, with Remarks on Pulmonary Abscess (1814). He also distinguished acute and chronic bronchitis from pleuropneumonia and pleurisy. See bronchitis.
The Americanization of Old World medicine
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
The Civil War triggered major epidemics among horses, mules, cattle, and hogs. Cattle and horses were attacked by brucellosis, equine influenza, vesicular stomatitis, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, glanders, and so forth. Hog cholera, which was first reported in the 1830s, spread to at least 20 states by the 1860s. One probable mode of transmission foreshadows the emergence of Mad Cow Disease in the 1980s; meat scraps from dead hogs were fed to healthy animals, which then became infected. Bovine pleuropneumonia, or lung fever, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides and transmitted by droplet infection, was a localized problem before the Civil War. By the end of the war, cattle fever, bovine pleuropneumonia, bovine tuberculosis, hog cholera, and other animal diseases had become widespread problems.
Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as non-resolving pneumonia: a case report
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Sofie Stappers, Denise van der Graaff, Ilse Hoffman, Walter Moorkens, Inge Hantson, Inge Stappaerts, Vicky Nowé, Liesbeth Vervliet
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an auto-immune disorder that is considered to predominantly affect women of reproductive age [1]. It is characterized by the presence of circulating antinuclear antibodies (ANA) which are, according to the new European League Against Rheumatism and the American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) classification, an entry criterion for the diagnosis of SLE [2]. Other immunological abnormalities seen in SLE are immune-complex deposition, causing inflammatory damage, and complement activation [3,4]. Being a multisystemic disease, the clinical features of lupus can be notoriously heterogeneous [5]. Hematological abnormalities such as anemia, leukopenia and thrombopenia are common and well-established findings in patients with SLE. Lymphopenia occurs in up to 93% of the patients with SLE and is, equal to anti-dsDNA antibodies, C3 and C4 levels, reported to be associated with disease activity [1,6,7]. We report a case concerning a 37-year-old woman who presented twice at our emergency department in a time frame of only two weeks. Both times, we observed clinical and radiographic findings consistent with community-acquired pleuropneumonia and laboratory tests that showed, among other things, lymphopenia.
Bacterial biofilm-derived antigens: a new strategy for vaccine development against infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Abraham Loera-Muro, Alma Guerrero-Barrera, Yannick Tremblay D.N., Skander Hathroubi, Carlos Angulo
In animals, several diseases are caused by coinfections and are suspected to be associated with biofilms. Several Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens of veterinary importance can form biofilms and are found in cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, and turkeys [32]. For example, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, A. pleuropneumoniae, forms biofilm aggregates in lungs during a natural infection [5]. Other swine respiratory pathogens may form similar structures during infections [32,33]. Interestingly, A. pleuropneumoniae has the ability to form multi-species biofilms with other respiratory pathogens (S. suis, B. bronchiseptica, or P. multocida), allowing it to grow in conditions that did not support its propagation [12]. Furthermore, A. pleuropneumoniae can integrate and form biofilms with environmental bacteria found in the drinking water of swine farms, suggesting a possible strategy to survive, persist, and disseminate within pig herds [34]. Biofilm in the drinking represents a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms, infection can occur via planktonic cells, pieces of biofilm as well as pathogen associated with sediments floating in the water [34].
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines decrease community-acquired alveolar pneumonia with and without pleural effusion in children <60 months in Southern Israel, 2002–2016
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Daniel Triadou, Noga Givon-Lavi, David Greenberg, Shalom Ben-Shimol
Establishing pneumonia aetiology is complicated. Viral aetiology is identified through nasal washes for the detection of viruses during pneumonia. However, nasal washes are not universally obtained, and for non-hospitalized children they are rarely done in our setting. Moreover, identifying a virus in a nasal wash does not exclude the possibility of bacterial co-infection. As for bacterial aetiology, ascertaining the aetiology is especially problematic. First, blood cultures are only positive in only ∼1% of all CAP cases [2,20]. Second, bacterial cultures from deep sputum (e.g. through bronchoalveolar lavage) are rarely obtained. Third, even in cases of pleuro-pneumonia (PE-CAP), pleural fluid cultures are seldom obtained, and if they are obtained, it is often following antibiotic treatment. We do not have data regarding pneumococcal isolates. Nevertheless, we analysed RSV and influenza rates in PE-CAP and NPE-CAP and found that nasal washes for virus detection were only obtained in less than a third of the study population. In PE-CAP episodes the number of detected viruses was small, and, therefore, was not further assessed. When assessed in NPE-CAP, influenza was only identified in ≤5% of tested episodes in both Bedouin and Jewish children, suggesting a relatively minor role of influenza in CAP in young children. In contrast, RSV was identified in∼40% of tested NPE-CAP in both Bedouin and Jewish children, suggesting an important role of RSV in CAP, as either a single pathogen or in co-infection with S. pneumoniae and other bacteria. However, the lack of microbiological data in most patients in the current study does not allow real appreciation of the impact of the viruses secular trends on CAP rates.