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Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Severe respiratory infection can be caused by several viruses, with the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) being one of the most common airway viruses. HRSV is a non-segmented enveloped RNA negative virus of the Paramyxoviridae family. The stem extract of the Opuntia streptacantha L. cactus inhibited the intracellular replication of the human respiratory syncytial virus (Ahmad et al. 1996).
Mucosal basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Edda Fiebiger, Stephan C. Bischoff
Eosinophils are also important in viral infections. Human respiratory syncytial virus causes respiratory tract infection, primarily among infants and toddlers. The severity of infection can extend from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Human respiratory syncytial virus infections are associated with significant eosinophilia in the bronchoalveolar fluid. This is most likely because eosinophils are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemokines such as RANTES and MIP-1α. The role of eosinophils in this disease is uncertain, as there is no clear evidence from human studies as to whether they promote host defense or enhance pathology. Among these pathologies, there is a clear association between severe human respiratory syncytial virus infection, particularly among young infants, and the development of postinfection asthma.
Human Bocavirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
José Luiz Proença-Módena, Guilherme Paier Milanez, Eurico Arruda
HBoV is frequently detected in association with other respiratory viruses, such as human adenovirus (HAdV), human rhinovirus (HRV), and human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). The rate of viral codetection in HBoV-positive patients with respiratory disorders ranges from 8.3% to 100%. In patients with gastrointestinal manifestations, HBoV is detected in association with other enteric viruses in an average of 46.7% cases. Moreover, the development of new sensitive multiplex analyses has shown that these high rates of viral coinfection are not restricted to HBoV. Several respiratory and enteric viruses are frequently detected in association with one or more different virus species.
Current and emerging pharmacological treatments for respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Jorge A. Soto, Ricardo A. Loaiza, Sebastián Echeverría, Robinson A. Ramírez, Alexis M. Kalergis
However, RespiGam has significant limitations regarding a widespread practical use: being a polyclonal antibody mix caused that a higher dose was required to achieve the desired anti-hRSV plasmatic levels, as compared to purified or hRSV-specific monoclonal antibodies [27]. In correlation, considering it is an antibody-based monthly therapy lasting about five months, the cost-effectiveness of a complete RSV-IGIV treatment was controversial [32]. By 2001, a 5-month RSV-IGIV prophylactic course for a 4.5 kg infant would cost about US$5,500, which many specialists considered inadequate in terms of cost-effectiveness for mass use [32,33]. For this reason, this treatment was mainly recommended for high-risk infants and not for all hRSV patients [32]. One study also confirmed that RSV-specific IGIV did not treat hRSV in infected individuals and was effective only as a prophylactic tool [34]. RSV-specific IGIV was eventually voluntarily withdrawn in 2003 by the manufacturer, not due to safety concerns but in part to the emerging success of the recently developed Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-F-hRSV antibody. Palivizumab differed because it was shown to be 50 times more potent than RespiGam, has an optimal dose of 15 mg/kg, and is administered via intramuscular injection instead of intravenously [27].
Progress in the development of virus-like particle vaccines against respiratory viruses
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Fu-Shi Quan, Swarnendu Basak, Ki-Back Chu, Sung Soo Kim, Sang-Moo Kang
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide, leading acute bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia [7]. An extensive epidemic study indicates that approximately 45% of hospital admissions and in-hospital deaths are due to RSV-induced acute lower respiratory infection in children younger than 6 months [8]. Thirty-three million cases worldwide in children under at age 5 are estimated to be infected with RSV-associated acute lower respiratory infections and about 10% of patients were being hospitalized, resulted in about 1-3% of in-hospital deaths [8]. Palivizumab, the licensed monoclonal antibody (Ab), has been used as a prophylactic drug to prevent severe RSV disease in high-risk children [9]. Since palivizumab has safety and efficacy concerns such as anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions, palivizumab is not recommended for the therapeutic-treatment post-RSV infection [10]. There are neither effective therapies nor any licensed vaccines commercially available in the market against RSV so far.
An overview of nanogel-based vaccines
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Luis Hernández-Adame, Carlos Angulo, Ileana García-Silva, Gabriela Palestino, Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
Another important viral pathogen is the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is a leading pathogen causing hospitalization; especially in infants and young children. In the fight against this disease, ketal-crosslinked nanogels (47.4 nm) were synthesized with PEG-like (mTEGMA) and PFPMA polymer blocks covalently linked to the TLR7/8 agonist imidazoquinoline. The nanogels were co-administered to mice with the ectodomain of the small hydrophobic protein (SHe) conjugated to the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a carrier protein. S.c. immunized animals were protected against an RSV intranasal challenge. The protection correlated with the induction of strong specific anti-SHe IgG2a that reduced the number of plaque forming units in the lungs. Moreover, this study demonstrated that the pH-degradable nanogel drained into the lymph nodes where they can encounter T cells [97].