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Congestive Heart Failure
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Pulmonary edema causes anxiety because of a sensation of suffocation, severe dyspnea, and restlessness. Often, there is coughing that produces a reddened sputum, cyanosis, pallor, and extreme sweating. There may be frothing from the mouth, but extreme hemoptysis is rare. While the BP can be variable, the pulse is rapid but of low volume. Significant hypertension indicates that the cardiac reserve is increased. A dangerous sign is hypotension in which the systolic BP is lower than 100 mg Hg. Over both lung fields, inspiratory fine crackles are dispersed anteriorly and posteriorly. Severe cardiac asthma may develop, causing wheezing. Efforts to breathe are noisy and often complicate auscultation of heart sounds. A merger of the third and fourth heart sounds, known as a summation gallop, may develop. Signs of RV failure may occur, including neck vein distention and peripheral edema.
History
Published in Clive Handler, Gerry Coghlan, Nick Brown, Management of Cardiac Problems in Primary Care, 2018
Clive Handler, Gerry Coghlan, Nick Brown
Acute pulmonary oedema is usually due to left heart failure resulting from myocardial infarction. It causes breathlessness, cough or wheeze, usually while lying flat, and is relieved after a few minutes when the patient stands or sits up. It can be confused with asthma and is sometimes confusingly termed ‘cardiac asthma.’
The Pulmonologists
Published in Maria Ribeiro, Sound Diagnosis, 2018
Acute exacerbation of asthma - Be on high alert in the C VS patient who presents with acute-onset respiratory distress and a new wheeze. Consider cardiac asthma. Exclude the unexpected: pulmonary oedema (cardio /nephrogenic), embolus, infection.Consider other causes: Difficult ‘asthma’ may not be asthma.
Airflow obstruction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are common in pulmonary tuberculosis even without sequelae findings on chest X-ray
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Hye Jung Park, Min Kwang Byun, Jaeuk Lee, Chi Young Kim, Sojung Shin, Youlim Kim, Chin Kook Rhee, Ki Suck Jung, Kwang Ha Yoo
The subgroup analysis showed a high prevalence of airway obstruction in the cardiac lesion group. Cardiac problems are sometimes associated with airway diseases. Heart failure and pulmonary congestion are well-known risk factors for airway obstruction, which is called ‘cardiac asthma.’ This may be explained by the expansion of the pulmonary circulation, interstitial pulmonary edoema, airway compression, and squamous metaplasia of airway epithelium in pulmonary congestion. Airway obstruction leads to shortness of breath, and wheezing that mimicks asthma, or COPD [30]. Other cardiac diseases, including ischaemic heart disease and valvular heart disease, have also shown significant association with airway obstruction [31,32]. However, the prevalence of COPD, which is a feature of irreversible airway obstruction, was 0 in this study. This may be because airflow obstruction can be reversed by appropriately treating heart failure [32,33]. Further studies addressing airway obstruction in patients with cardiac disease are required to define this complex association.
Disparities in prevalence of heart failure between the genders in relation to age, multimorbidity and socioeconomic status in southern Sweden: a cross-sectional study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 2023
Mia Scholten, Patrik Midlöv, Anders Halling
HF is classified as HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction), HFmrEF (heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction), and HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction). All subtypes of HF have the same clinical symptoms, but different pathophysiology and prognosis. HFrEF is established when the left ventricle loses its ability to contract normally, whereas HFpEF is established when the left ventricle loses its ability to relax normally. HFmrHF has a mixture of characteristics from both HFrEF and HFpEF regarding aetiology, pathophysiology and comorbidities [3]. The symptoms of HF are usually not specific like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath, which can be misinterpreted as bronchial asthma and can delay the diagnosis of cardiac asthma caused by congestive HF [4]. Women have double the risk for incident HFpEF and are more likely to have a background of hypertension and valve dysfunctions as HF aetiologies compared to men [1,5]. Men are predisposed to HFrEF with ischaemic aetiology and have an earlier onset of HFrEF and a higher mortality rate compared to women [6]. Although cardiovascular risk factors predispose both genders to HFrEF, diabetes and obesity significantly increase the risk of HFrEF in women compared to men. Generally, it is observed that female HF patients tend to have more comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hypertension, anaemia, iron deficiency, renal disease, arthritis, depression, and thyroid abnormalities [1].