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Other uncommon psychiatric syndromes
Published in David Enoch, Basant K. Puri, Hadrian Ball, Uncommon Psychiatric Syndromes, 2020
David Enoch, Basant K. Puri, Hadrian Ball
Stockholm syndrome refers to the occurrence of a positive emotional bond or psychological alliance from a victim of a crime, such as being taken hostage or being abused, towards the perpetrator(s) of that crime; it is also known as “traumatic bonding,” “terror bonding” and Norrmalmstorgssyndromet (the “Norrmalmstorg syndrome”) (Eitinger and Weisaeth, 1980; Harnischmacher and Muther, 1987; Skurnik, 1988). It takes the name Stockholm syndrome after the following events that took place at the Sveriges Kreditbank, Norrmalmstorg Square, Stockholm in August 1973 (Strentz, 1980):During … 131 hours … four employees … were held hostage…. This particular hostage situation gained notoriety primarily because the electronic media exploited the fears of the victims as well as the sequence of events. Contrary to what had been expected, it was found that the victims feared the police more than they feared the robbers. In a telephone call to Prime Minister Olaf Palme, one of the hostages expressed these typical feelings of the group when she said, “The robbers are protecting us from the police.” Upon release, other hostages puzzled over their feelings: “Why don’t we hate the robbers?” … For weeks after this incident, and while under the care of psychiatrists, some of the hostages experienced the paradox of nightmares over the possible escape of the jailed subjects and yet felt no hatred for these abductors. In fact, they felt the subjects had given them their lives back and were emotionally indebted to them for their generosity.
RSVP and the Timely Experience
Published in Mark Evans, Konstantinos Thomaidis, Libby Worth, Time and Performer Training, 2019
I don’t deny that the complete ‘buy in’ that celebrates any creators’ fight through uncertainty and discord to stand absolutely behind their work, is common among devisers. It makes me uneasy, though, not just because of the traumatic bonding it calls for but because interpersonal power struggle encourages devisers to avoid the Valuaction that sets the creative bar high. It is devisers’ passionate belief in their work that makes theatre programs give them what they want: an empty space to devise in. But as Ric Knowles has said, the space is never ‘empty’ (2010: 27). In the case of devising, it is a space filled with the wickedness of social assumptions waiting to colonize the unwary, unless Valuaction is understood as a necessary phase of creating.
The Development of a 90-Day Residential Program for the Treatment of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Published in Jacqueline Garrick, Mary Beth Williams, Trauma Treatment Techniques, 2014
Prevalence of DES symptoms was correlated with PTSD, age of onset, and duration of the trauma in 328 psychiatric outpatients who had been subjected to multiple traumas (van der Kolk et al., 1994). The study concluded that DES described a syndrome of psychiatric disturbance related to early, chronic interpersonal trauma associated with PTSD. The combination of DES and PTSD was termed Complex PTSD. According to Bloom (1997), further work has led to an expanded understanding of this proposed syndrome. Bloom (1997) included three areas of disturbance in her working model of Complex PTSD (see Table 1). These comprise Symptoms, Character Changes, and a propensity to a Repetition of Harm. The Symptom area includes symptoms of PTSD and/or Somatic, Affective, and Dissociative symptoms. Character Changes include those governed by a sense of Control that can lead to ‘traumatic bonding’ in relationships, a pervading sense of fear, and other relationship difficulties, including a ‘lens of extremity’ leading to ambivalence between making and retaining attachments versus withdrawal from these attachments. Identity Changes are also included in this area of disturbance, with distortions in relation to self-structures. This includes an ‘internalized image of stress,’ a ‘malignant sense of self,’ and a ‘fragmentation of the self.’ In the final area of disturbance, a propensity to a repetition of harm is described.
Grooming: A Case Study
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2019
Tom was a 52 year old man who experienced child sexual abuse and emotional abuse in the context of a traumatic relationship with Mr. Y, a neighbor and person of standing in his community. The concept of traumatic bonding helps to elucidate the process underpinning an individual’s entrapment in the relationship with the abuser, ensuring compliance, silence, and ambivalence about their relationship with the abuser and their own part in the abusive experience. Previous literature highlights the emotionally dependent relationship common in intrafamilial sexual abuse contexts that serves to engender shame and responsibility for the abuse, contributing to an inhibition to disclose the experience (Campbell, 2009; Conte, Wolf, & Smith, 1989; Craven et al., 2006; Goodman-Brown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, & Gordon, 2003; Katz & Barnetz, 2015; McAlinden, 2006; Olsen et al., 2007; Smallbone & Wortley, 2001). Less is known about the relational aspects of the grooming process for children abused by extra-familial figures. Most research has focused on describing grooming behaviors and drawn on the perspective of the perpetrator. Examining the lived experience of grooming from one adult male’s perspective highlights two key dynamics that are suggested as core features of the grooming process that in turn contribute to difficulties in disclosure: conceptualizing the relationship between victim and perpetrator as a traumatic bond and highlighting the influence of the facilitating system in both facilitating the abuse and facilitating non-disclosure. It is clear that the relationship described by Tom can be considered a traumatic bond whereby abusive experiences were intermittent in the context of a power differential relationship that involved emotional dependency. The sexual abuse described by Tom was intermittent over a period of years and always couched under the guise of caring, shrouded in duplicity and apparent concern for Tom’s welfare. The sexual abuse took place in the context of long term individual and community grooming whereby Mr. Y acted as Tom’s benefactor to whom he turned to for his emotional needs. The developmental nature of the grooming process has also received limited attention in the literature, focusing primarily on the adult-child relationship and how the adult grooms the child. Tom’s experience of grooming throughout childhood, adolescence and well into adulthood and his perception of his relationship with Mr. Y helps to elucidate the ongoing relational needs that can be met in the grooming relationship. Tom continued to feel a sense of gratitude toward Mr. Y as an adult: he would never have got to visit the countries if it had not been for Mr. Y. Tom was and still feels at the time of this study, to some extent indebted to Mr. Y for his generosity and his interest in him. His perception of Mr. Y as benefactor, parent substitute and mind controller set the context for the sexual abuse to occur and for a very high likelihood that Tom would not disclose the abuse.