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Sampling Theory
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
One of the primary applications of two-stage cluster sampling is area sampling, where the clusters are counties, townships, city blocks, or other well-defined geographic sections of a population. A prominent example is the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), whose roots can be traced to the successful WHO Smallpox Eradication Programme in the early 1970s. A typical instance of its impact is shown in Figure 21.6[318]. The experience gained from the eradication program-related surveys was adapted for infant immunization coverage, and became the EPI 30x7 cluster survey methodology where 30 villages are chosen at random within an area, and 7 people are sampled in each of the villages [319]. Since then, the EPI cluster survey methodology has been used in hundreds of surveys to excellent effect [320].
Animals as companions
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
How many people keep pets? What are the most popular pets? It is not an easy matter to estimate the size of the pet population and figures may vary significantly across studies. Murray, Browne, Roberts, Whitmarsh, and Gruffydd-Jones (2010) conducted a questionnaire survey of cat and dog ownership in 2,980 UK households. They estimate the UK cat population at 10,332,955 felines and 10,522,186 canines. In all, 26% of the households owned one or more cats while 31% of the households owned one or more dogs. In 2018, the company Statista reported a survey of pet ownership in UK households in 2017 and 2018. A substantial number of households had a pet (45%), with the dog the most popular: it was estimated that 26% of households owned a dog, suggesting a UK canine population of 8.5 million. The cat was the second most popular pet (18% of households), giving a feline population of 8 million. After cats there is a rapid fall to the rabbit (2%) in third place, followed by a long list of somewhat idiosyncratic choices including lizards (0.5%), rats (0.2%), and, least popular of all, mice (0.3%). The variations across surveys of pet ownership is due to several factors. The survey methodology may vary from questionnaires, to telephone polls, and personal interviews, which in turn may influence what people are prepared to report. There are shifts over time in pet ownership associated with economic factors and fashion.
Health care and cost containment in Greece
Published in Elias Mossialos, Julian Le Grand, Health Care and Cost Containment in the European Union, 2019
Aris Sissouras, Anthony Karokis, Elias Mossialos
Private health insurance expenditure is not included in the calculations of private health expenditure for the Family Budget Surveys, because the survey methodology excludes this kind of expenditure from health consumption expenditure.
Understanding speech pathology and dysphagia service provision in Australian emergency departments
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2022
Pranika B. Lal, Laurelie R. Wishart, Elizabeth C. Ward, Maria Schwarz, Marnie Seabrook, Anne Coccetti
While this study provides important early insights into the current state of SLP dysphagia service provision within the ED, some limitations are acknowledged. Firstly, although clinicians responded from a range of services across Australia, the actual study numbers were relatively small, and clustered around public hospital services from two states. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted with caution and may not be extrapolated to the private sector or internationally. Secondly, the weaknesses and bias of survey methodology is recognized. Surveys by nature can be influenced by response bias, and do not have the capacity to delve into the specifics of SLP service provision. At best, the current data can only be considered preliminary and future study designs incorporating more detailed service audits and evaluation of patient outcomes from ED-based SLP management models, as well as interviews with key MDT stakeholders is now needed to best inform optimal service models for dysphagia management within the ED.
Race and sex differences in adverse childhood experiences among Asian/Pacific Islander college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Andrew Sieben, Katherine Lust, Ainslee Crose, Lynette M. Renner, Ruby H. N. Nguyen
Data for this study were obtained from the 2015 College Student Health Survey (CSHS). The CSHS is a cross-sectional surveillance study administered by Boynton Health at the University of Minnesota aimed at assessing the health status and behaviors of Minnesota’s postsecondary students. Originally created in 1995 at the University of Minnesota, items in the CSHS were compared to national surveillance systems to confirm instrument validity and accuracy.38 Undergraduate and graduate students from a mix of 17 public and private, 2- and 4-year postsecondary institutions in Minnesota were randomly selected from enrollment rosters and invited to participate in the online survey via email. Reminder emails were sent up to six times to students who had not opened the survey, and students received a postcard during the second week of the survey to encourage participation. Students were informed that upon completion of the survey they could enter into a lottery drawing for a monetary gift card. Of the 38,648 students invited in 2015, 12,220 completed the online survey (31.6% participation). Additional information regarding the survey methodology can be found at https://boynton.umn.edu/surveys and has previously been described in detail.39,40 The University of Minnesota Institutional Review Board (IRB #0712S2294) approved all survey methods and exempted these de-identified secondary analyses from further human subjects review.
Attorneys’ Attitudes Toward Coaching Forensic Clients on the MMPI–2: Replication and Extension of Attorney Survey by Wetter and Corrigan (1995)
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2020
Paul M. Spengler, Nathan T. Walters, Eric Bryan, Brandon S. Millspaugh
Although not encouraging, these results do suggest the possibility of a slightly lower rate of attorneys, compared with Wetter and Corrigan (1995), who endorsed test coaching about validity scales. The difference between 63% in Wetter and Corrigan compared with the rate of 53% of attorneys willing to coach their clients about validity scales is a small effect (d = −.20; Cohen, 1988) and might reflect a change in attorney attitudes. This decline occurred in the context of more than 20 years of discussion in the literature of the legal and ethical concerns of test coaching, along with noted examples of attorneys facing sanctions and legal consequences for test coaching (e.g., see Morel, 2009). Assigning any form of cause and effect, however, would certainly be speculative. This change could be an artifact of differences in the surveys, the targeted population, and survey methodology. Wetter and Corrigan, in contrast to this survey, assessed (a) a convenience sample versus our effort to sample nationally, (b) attorneys attending a workshop and law students in school versus practicing attorneys, (c) and attorneys in general versus attorneys of whom 78.6% specialize in areas of law where psychological testing is used. Nonetheless, both surveys point to the very real risk of attorney test coaching based on attorneys in the majority sharing favorable attitudes toward MMPI–2 validity scale test coaching.