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Specific Phobia
Published in Stephen M. Stahl, Bret A. Moore, Anxiety Disorders: A Guide for Integrating Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy, 2013
David S. Shearer, S. Cory Harmon, Robert D. Younger, Christopher S. Brown
The success of exposure techniques is typically measured via a Behavior Avoidance Test (BAT) and self-report measures of anxiety. A BAT consists of a series of behavioral tasks in which the subject is rated by an observer while approaching the feared object or situation (e.g., number of steps taken toward a feared object). Subjective feelings of anxiety are frequently monitored during a BAT via a Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). SUDS monitoring consists of the phobic individual assigning a numeric value, typically between 0 and 100, to their level of anxiety at predetermined intervals during the exposure exercise. Anxiety is also measured through self-report questionnaires.
Anxiety, Depression, and Panic
Published in Donald A. Mahler, Denis E. O’Donnell, Dyspnea, 2014
Andreas von Leupoldt, Omer Van den Bergh, Paul Davenport
Further support for the strong impact of anxiety, depression, and panic on respiratory perception comes from studies examining the relationships between levels of negative affectivity and ratings for experimentally induced dyspnea in patients with asthma40–43 and COPD.27,44 In this regard, Spinhoven et al.43 demonstrated that patients with asthma with greater anxiety during a histamine challenge test, as assessed by the Subjective Units of Distress Scale,45 showed greater perception of dyspnea although they did not display elevated baseline levels of anxiety. Similarly, Livermore et al.44 showed that patients with COPD and comorbid panic disorder and/or panic symptoms reported greater resistive load–induced dyspnea on the Borg Scale46 than matched patients with COPD without panic comorbidity, despite similar limitations in their respiratory function. However, these effects of negative affectivity are not specific to patients with respiratory disease but have also been observed in healthy individuals47–49 as well as for patients suffering from other unpleasant bodily symptoms, such as pain.50 For example, Lavietes et al.48 presented inspiratory resistive loads to individuals without respiratory disease. The group with higher dyspnea ratings on the Borg Scale46 showed considerably higher depression levels as assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Study Depression Scale51 as well as a greater number of psychiatric disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R) criteria.
Changes in meal-related anxiety predict treatment outcomes in an intensive family-based treatment program for adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Published in Eating Disorders, 2021
Kellsey N. Smith, Jessica L. Van Huysse, Renee D. Rienecke
The Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) -(Wolpe, 1969). The Subjective Units of Distress Scale is a well-validated scale to assess subjective anxiety and for the purpose of this study, was used to assess meal-related anxiety. The measure asks participants to rate their distress on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 representing no distress and 100 denoting the highest level of distress ever experienced. This scale was provided during all program meals and snacks and patients were asked to use this scale to record their level of distress once they had viewed their meal but prior to eating, and again upon completion of the food. Pre- and post-meal ratings were nearly identical, both at baseline and end of treatment (r = 0.96–0.97, respectively), and were therefore combined for analyses. Patient ratings for all meals and snacks for the first ten days in treatment were averaged to provide a baseline level of meal-related anxiety. End of treatment meal-related anxiety was measured by taking the average SUDS scores during the last 10 days in treatment. Since the average length of stay in the program is approximately 6 weeks, the first and last 10 days roughly correspond to the first and last third of treatment.
Integrating Hypnosis with Other Therapies for Treating Specific Phobias: A Case Series
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2018
To augment the hypnosis VRE therapy was employed. Using hardware and software from the Virtually Better system (Virtually Better, Inc., Decatur, GA), two different modules were used. One was a virtual conference room and the other a virtual classroom. In each the patient had to deliver a prepared speech to a virtual audience who asked questions (delivered verbally by this therapist) and responded favorably or not to his responses. In the former environment, the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS; range = 1–10) level was minimal initially (3–4) and absent with exposure. In the latter environment SUDS level was higher, fluctuating between 3–6 before decreasing with prolonged exposure. The patient attributed the relatively low-to-moderate level of anxiety during these sessions to the fact that he knew that the VRE environments were “artificial.” Reframing this assertion, the patient was informed by this therapist that his negative self-attributions were also “artificial.” Also challenged were cognitive distortions such as sounding “stupid.” The patient was encouraged to self-hypnotize and now imagine himself as a “success.”
Pilot Study of a Brief Hypnotic Induction: Effects on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Subjective Distress in Patients Diagnosed with Hypertension
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2022
Arif Setyo Upoyo, Endang Triyanto, Agis Taufik
Measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, and stress level were carried out twice, namely before and after treatment. The instruments used in this study were a digital tensimeter and the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDs) observation sheet. SUDs is commonly used for anxiety (Benjamin et al., 2010). SUDs is an 11-point self-report scale (0 = no distress; 10 = highest distress possible) routinely used to measure change in distress. The SUDs’s validity has been demonstrated, and research has shown it to correlate with levels of depression and anxiety (Kim et al., 2008).