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Information processing
Published in Andrea Utley, Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
Telford (1931) was the first to demonstrate that when people respond to each of two successive stimuli, the response to the second stimulus often becomes slower when the interval between the two stimuli is reduced; i.e. the RT for the second movement is slower than the first. Telford termed this slowing the psychological refractory period (PRP). In a typical PRP experiment, two stimuli are presented (S1, S2) which are separated by a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), and the person has to make a response to each of the stimuli. However, as this SOA shortens, the RT to the second stimuli becomes longer. This slowing has been observed in a great variety of tasks, including both RT (Telford 1931) and CRT tasks (Creamer 1963), and although most of the early experiments involved two manual responses, recent work has shown that a PRP effect can be found when the pair of tasks used require different responses (Levy et al. 2006).
Critical review of multisensory integration programs and proposal of a theoretical framework for its combination with neurocognitive training
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Joana O. Pinto, Artemisa R. Dores, Bruno Peixoto, Bruno Bastos Vieira de Melo, Fernando Barbosa
Setti et al. [9] assessed the improvement of the temporal discrimination training by computing the median stimulus onset asynchrony in each one of the three blocks of stimuli in session one, followed by the calculation of the median split of the data in session one and session five. After this procedure, they determined the number of correct trials with stimulus onset asynchrony below or above the median in each block. Sensitivity on sound-induced flash illusion was measured by d’ using the formula [z(hits)-z(false alarms)], where hits correspond to the proportion of correct responses on two flashes with and without two beep conditions, false alarms represent the proportion of incorrect responses to one flash with and without two beep conditions, and z is the inverse cumulative normal. Criterion bias β was also computed with the following formula β = Exp(−0.5 × d’ × (z(hits)2 + z(false alarms)2). The size of the temporal window was computed by the average stimulus onset asynchrony over the testing blocks [9]. O’Brien et al. [43] also computed d’ as did Setti et al. [9], and time window of integration considering the stimulus onset asynchrony at an accuracy level halfway between the individuals’ lowest accuracy point and 100%.
The Varying Effects of Dual Tasks on the Performance of Motor Skills across Practice
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2021
Mengkai Luan, Arash Mirifar, Jürgen Beckmann, Felix Ehrlenspiel
In summary, our findings suggest that the effects of attentional direction depend not only on the amount of practice but also on the stage of information processing. Regarding the selection and initiation of motor skills, our results showed that the skill-focused dual-task condition is more advantageous during early practice. We argue that maintaining a requirement of paying attention to motor skill execution in the working memory might require less effort and demand less cognitive resources than maintaining a requirement of paying attention to an extraneous stimulus during the early practice. Future research should explore the impact of the direction of attention on different components within the premotor stages of information processing (i.e., motor skill selection and motor skill initiation), such as by examining increasing stimulus onset asynchrony. Moreover, regarding the execution of motor skills, our results suggest that there is no universal explanation that can fully explain the performance patterns across skill levels exhibited in dual-task conditions. The motor skill execution in dual-task conditions seems to be influenced by a variety of factors, such as the direction of attention manipulated by dual tasks (i.e., concurrent cognitive tasks), the cognitive involvement demands and the difficulty level of dual tasks, the amount of practice, and the complexity of the motor skill. Future investigations could consider using a more complex extraneous dual task or motor task that demands more attention or quantifying levels of expertise. Regarding the performance of concurrent cognitive tasks, our results were in line with previous dual-task research.
Parallel dual-task processing and task-shielding in older and younger adults: Behavioral and diffusion model results
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2018
Markus Janczyk, Patrik Mittelstädt, Carolin Wienrich’s
Typically, performing two tasks at the same time induces performance costs in at least one of these tasks. A standard paradigm to investigate dual-tasking in the laboratory is the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm. On each trial, two stimuli (S1 and S2) are presented with a varying stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and require two different responses (R1 and R2). While response times to S1 (RT1) are usually unaffected by the SOA manipulation, response times to S2 (RT2) reduce as SOA increases—the PRP effect (Telford, 1931). To account for this finding, the still widely accepted central bottleneck model was suggested (Pashler, 1994; Welford, 1952). Its crucial assumption is that at any time only one central stage of processing, typically identified as response selection, can be processed. Earlier perceptual and later motor processes, however, can run in parallel with other tasks (see Figure 1(a)). The PRP effect seems rather universal (see Pashler, 1994, for a review) and only few exceptions were reported (see Janczyk, Pfister, Wallmeier & Kunde, 2014). The important point is that according to the central bottleneck model, response selection of Task 2 cannot begin until that of Task 1 has finished; this idle time of waiting is called the cognitive slack. However, there is actually evidence for parallel processing of response selection-related aspects, and the main goal of the present study is to investigate the amount of parallel processing in older adults compared to younger ones. To this end, we will continue by introducing measures of parallel processing in the next section, which is followed by reviewing applications of these measures in aging research and the respective results.