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Supporting GP Trainees Who Graduated Outside the UK
Published in Ramesh Mehay, The Essential Handbook for GP Training and Education, 2021
Maggie Eisner, Jon Chadwick, Arun Davangere, Amar Rughani
The term stereotype threat refers to the risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one’s own group. This term was first used in 1995 by Steele and Aronson9 who showed in several experiments in US colleges that Black students performed more poorly on standardised tests than White students when their race was emphasised. However, when race was not emphasised the Black students performed better, reaching the same standard as the White students. The results showed that performance in academic contexts can be harmed by the awareness that one’s behaviour might be viewed through the lens of racial stereotypes.
Social Psychology
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Stereotype threat refers to how being identified with a stereotype can raise an individual’s anxiety level, which in turn worsens his or her performance (Steele, 1997). That is, targets of stereotypes experience undue stress, actively monitor their performance, and try to suppress negative thoughts and feelings, processes that combine to reduce working memory capacity, and derail test performance (Schmader & Johns, 2003; Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008), e.g., in an attempt to fight the stereotype that men are better than women in math and science, the anxiety and distraction caused by the stereotype may actually lead a woman to get a lower score on the exam than her true potential. Thus, women’s performance in math may not be due to lower ability compared to men but to negative stereotypes.
Dementia Assessment in African Americans
Published in Gwen Yeo, Linda A. Gerdner, Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, Ethnicity and the Dementias, 2018
Stereotype threat is dynamic interpersonal process affecting cognitive test performances (Pennington et al. 2016). Stereotype threat is the process in which “stigmatized group members may underperform on diagnostic tests of ability through concerns about confirming a negative societal statement as self-characteristic” (Steele & Aronson 1995). Stereotype threat may contribute to African American older adults’ increased discomfort and loss of self-confidence during neuropsychological sessions. This process may contribute to poorer test performance (Aronson, Good, Keough, Steele, & Brown 1999, Manly, Touradji, & Stern 2004, Steele 1997, Steele & Aronson 1995). The literature on the relationship between degrees of perceived stereotype threat and the cognitive performance has been limited to Caucasian older adults (Hess, Auman, Colcombe, & Rahhal 2003). Future research is needed to elucidate the relationship between stereotypic threat and ethnic/racial group differences in neuropsychological test performance (Manly et al. 2004).
Ethnicity-related stereotypes and their impacts on medical students: A critical narrative review of health professions education literature
Published in Medical Teacher, 2022
Soham Bandyopadhyay, Conor T. Boylan, Yousif G. Baho, Anna Casey, Aqua Asif, Halimah Khalil, Nermin Badwi, Rakesh Patel
Different stereotypes resulted in stereotype threat among different groups of medical students. For instance, the stereotypes of medical students pursuing medicine to conform to their parents’ wishes rather than an intrinsic motivation (Woolf et al. 2008; Morrison et al. 2019) affected Asian students. Whereas stereotypes about individuals not being as intelligent as their contemporaries of other skin colours affected Black and African American students (Bullock and Houston 1987; Erwin et al. 2002; Kupiri Ackerman-Barger et al., 2016; Lempp and Seale 2006; Liebschutz et al. 2006; Woolf et al. 2008). Furthermore, actual stereotyping did not need to have occurred in order for stereotype threat to occur; it was sufficient for an individual to merely have knowledge that a negative stereotype existed about a demographic group they belonged to (Claridge et al. 2018).
Age-Based Healthcare Stereotype Threat during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2021
Molly Maxfield, Allie Peckham, M. Aaron Guest, Keenan A. Pituch
Stereotypes about older adults are predominantly negative (Kite et al., 2005) and often focus on physical and cognitive decline (e.g., frail, slow, forgetful, dependent, etc.). Palmore (2004) found that among older adults from both Canada and the United States, almost half reported that a doctor or nurse attributed their medical problem to their age. Older adults themselves may attribute health problems to their age, which contributes to avoidance of healthcare services (Goodwin et al., 1999). The frequency of age-related attributions for health status raises concerns about the role of stereotypes and stereotype threat in healthcare. Stereotype threat is the concern about being reduced to and/or affirming negative stereotypes associated with one’s identity (e.g., Steele et al., 2002). Originally investigated with young adults, known negative consequences of stereotype threat, such as elevated blood pressure (e.g., Blascovich et al., 2001) and reduced working memory (e.g., Schmader & Johns, 2003) have clear relevance for older adults. In experimental studies including older adults, activation of age-related stereotypes contributes to poorer cognitive and physical functioning compared to control conditions (for a review, see Barber, 2020).
Acting White? Rethinking Race in “Post-Racial” America.
Published in Psychiatry, 2020
The concept of stereotype threat and the exhaustion experienced from working the identity are not phenomena restricted to my medical school experience as a black male. They are ubiquitous across a spectrum of minorities and outgroups, but such is beyond the scope of this book review. However, another burden of identity performances is the concept of colorblindness. Under this societally accepted norm, some argue whites cannot intentionally or legally discriminate against persons of color based on race. Therefore, racial classification should not limit opportunities- in theory that is. In practice and from my experience, it is nothing of the sort. While proponents argue colorblindness creates a level playing field and yields equality, it does little to foster equity. Viewing race through rose colored glasses does nothing but put a band aid on the exsanguinating and hypotensive patient. In reality, the patient’s condition is critical- is probably bleeding internally and needs an exploratory laparotomy to locate the hemorrhage. In non-medical terms, colorblindness does little to address the issues of systemic and institutional racism.