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CE-CERT Echoes: Creating Synergy Between the CE-CERT Skills
Published in Brian C. Miller, Reducing Secondary Traumatic Stress, 2021
I have already cited research demonstrating something that you already suspected: secondary traumatic stress is correlated with the amount of exposure one has to trauma cases. But—as I pointed out in the first chapter, this relationship is not a directly causal one. Secondary trauma is not caused by exposure unless there is a specific mediating variable: the therapist feels helpless and overwhelmed.
Promoting staff resilience
Published in Alison Brodrick, Emma Williamson, Listening to Women After Childbirth, 2020
Alison Brodrick, Emma Williamson
This type of work-place related trauma is termed secondary traumatic stress and was also described originally by Figley (1995) before being replaced with the term compassion fatigue as Figley felt this was less derogatory (Beck, 2011). In the literature, the two terms are often used as separate entities or interchangeably. In essence, what is being described is a stress response to the act of providing an empathic connection with someone who is or who has endured trauma (Beck, 2011; Sinclair et al, 2017) and it can also occur from listening to traumatic events, for instance women’s post-partum narratives of a traumatic birth (Sheen et al, 2015). In more recent times, compassion fatigue has been used to describe an emotional state which can evolve over time, whereas secondary trauma can result from being exposed to a single traumatic event (Leinweber & Rowe, 2010). However, like primary trauma it does not follow that exposure to a ‘traumatic event’ will result in symptoms of PTS or in compassion fatigue in all clinicians (Leinweber & Rowe, 2010). In a large meta-analysis of work-related critical incidents, de Boer et al (2011) found that hospital staff working in areas where incidents and emergencies happened frequently had a lower prevalence rate of trauma symptoms compared to staff in areas where emergencies were witnessed infrequently, with an assumption that where staff are drilled and trained to respond they may cope better in such circumstances.
Stress From a Different Perspective
Published in William Steele, Reducing Compassion Fatigue, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout, 2019
Indirect exposure – what we read, what we hear discussed about trauma situations can induce secondary trauma. MS—G. Even if I do not have direct exposure to trauma victims or situations, as a supervisor or manager of staff who do, increases my risk of experiencing secondary trauma.
COVID-19 Pandemic Mental Health Challenges: Patients and Providers
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
Carole R. Myers, Lauren Renee Muñoz, Tracey Stansberry, Mary Johnson, Mavis Schorn
APRNs in our study described experiences of stress, which could manifest itself as compassion fatigue, burnout, or secondary trauma. While these three concepts are related, Kelly (2020) has distinguished between them. Compassion fatigue is the precursor to burnout and secondary trauma (Kelly, 2020). Burnout often occurs when compassion fatigue goes unresolved, and it also involves a confluence of occupational factors, such as long working hours, inadequate staff, and other challenges. Secondary trauma, on the other hand, involves stress related to providing care in traumatic situations (Kelly, 2020) and often involves an emotional component. The majority of our participants described instances of burnout, but one APRN, a psychiatric-mental health NP, described a clear instance of secondary traumatic stress, the emotional toll of caring for others going through traumatic experiences of the pandemic.
Extreme Stress Events in a Forensic Hospital Setting: Prevalence, Impact, and Protective Factors in Staff
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
Carol A. Ireland, Simon Chu, Jane L. Ireland, Victoria Hartley, Rebecca Ozanne, Michael Lewis
The systematic review indicated three superordinate themes; outcomes adversely impacting staff and patients; personal characteristics moderating the impact of events; and organisational and interpersonal support moderating the impact of events. The Delphi reinforced these themes, as well as offering additional observations of negative self-perceptions that could exacerbate a negative response, alongside the importance of stressors outside of work exacerbating impact. The final study confirmed findings from the systematic review, in that not all staff experience a negative reaction to an extreme stressful event, or even an accumulative effect. It further indicated that almost a fifth of participants reported trauma symptomology, which is considerable in nature. The main areas of distress for staff included re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing and/or hyper-arousal in response to an extreme stress event. Staff trauma symptomology was further linked to both staff burnout and the experience of secondary trauma symptomology, especially in regard to re-experiencing, hyper-arousal, and overall symptomology.
Resilience and adaptability of social workers in health care settings during COVID-19 in Australia
Published in Social Work in Health Care, 2022
Lynette Joubert, Ralph Hampson, Rebecca Acuto, Lauren Powell, Muhammad Noor Latasa Abdul Latiff, Linh Tran, Sue Cumming, Patrick Dunn, Scott Crehan, Rashid Flewellen, Emeil Boddenberg, Wing Sum Ng, Grahame Simpson
The Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL; Stamm, 2010) consists of 30 items measuring professional quality of life incorporating two aspects, the positive (Compassion Satisfaction) and the negative (Compassion Fatigue). Compassion Fatigue has two sub scales of Burnout and Secondary Trauma. Item scores range from 1 (never) to 5 (often) and the scores for each subscale are recorded individually, with scores ranging from 10 to 50. High Compassion Satisfaction scores indicate a good deal of professional satisfaction from your position, whilst a high score within Burnout puts you at a higher risk and Secondary Trauma indicates a higher level of fear within the workplace. Compassion Satisfaction shows a high internal consistency (α = .90) and Compassion Fatigue shows a good internal consistency (burnout α = .80, secondary Trauma α = .82; Hemsworth et al., 2018).